Anabaptism - Revision history

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 == Lineage ==
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 === Medieval forerunners ===
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+''Main article: [[Proto-Protestantism]]''
 Anabaptists are considered to have begun with the Radical Reformation in the 16th century, but historians classify certain people and groups as their forerunners because of a similar approach to the interpretation and application of the Bible. For instance, Petr Chelčický, a 15th-century Bohemian reformer, taught most of the beliefs considered integral to Anabaptist theology. Medieval antecedents may include the Brethren of the Common Life, the Hussites, Dutch Sacramentists, and some forms of monasticism. The Waldensians also represent a faith similar to the Anabaptists.
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 === Zwickau prophets and the German Peasants' War ===
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+''Main article: Zwickau prophets]]''
 [[null|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg|thumb|Twelve Articles of the Peasants pamphlet of 1525]]
 On December 27, 1521, three "prophets" from Zwickau appeared in Wittenberg who were influenced by (and, in turn, influencing) Thomas Müntzer – Thomas Dreschel, Nicholas Storch, and Mark Thomas Stübner. They preached an apocalyptic, radical alternative to Lutheranism. Their preaching helped to stir the feelings concerning the social crisis which erupted in the German Peasants' War in southern Germany in 1525 as a revolt against feudal oppression.
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 === Views on origins ===
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 ==== Monogenesis ====
 Some scholars (e.g. Harold S. Bender, William Estep, Robert Friedmann) consider the Anabaptist movement to have developed from the Swiss Brethren movement. They generally argue that Anabaptism had its origins in Zürich and that the Anabaptism of the Swiss Brethren was transmitted to southern Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, and northern Germany, where it developed into its various branches. The monogenesis theory usually rejects the Münsterites and other radicals from the category of true Anabaptists. In the monogenesis view the time of origin is January 21, 1525, when Conrad Grebel baptized George Blaurock, and Blaurock in turn baptized several others immediately. These baptisms were the first "re-baptisms" known in the movement. This continues to be the most widely accepted date posited for the establishment of Anabaptism.
 ==== Polygenesis ====
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+James M. Stayer, Werner O. Packull, and Klaus Deppermann disputed the idea of a single origin of Anabaptists in a 1975 essay entitled "From Monogenesis to Polygenesis", suggesting that February 24, 1527, at Schleitheim is the proper date of the origin of Anabaptism. On this date the Swiss Brethren wrote a declaration of belief called the Schleitheim Confession.<sup>[''page needed'']</sup> The authors of the essay note the agreement among previous Anabaptist historians on polygenesis, even when disputing the date for a single starting point: "Hillerbrand and Bender (like Holl and Troeltsch) were in agreement that there was a single dispersion of Anabaptism ..., which certainly ran through Zurich. The only question was whether or not it went back further to Saxony."
 After criticizing the standard polygenetic history, the authors found six groups in early Anabaptism which could be collapsed into three originating "points of departure": "South German Anabaptism, the Swiss Brethren, and the Melchiorites". According to their polygenesis theory, South German–Austrian Anabaptism "was a diluted form of Rhineland mysticism", Swiss Anabaptism "arose out of Reformed congregationalism", and Dutch Anabaptism was formed by "Social unrest and the apocalyptic visions of Melchior Hoffman". As examples of how the Anabaptist movement was influenced from sources other than the Swiss Brethren movement, mention has been made of how Pilgram Marpeck's ''Vermanung'' of 1542 was deeply influenced by the ''Bekenntnisse'' of 1533 by Münster theologian Bernhard Rothmann. Hoffman influenced the Hutterites when they used his commentary on the Apocalypse shortly after he wrote it.
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 ==== Apostolic succession ====
 Baptist successionists have at times pointed to 16th-century Anabaptists as part of an apostolic succession of churches ("church perpetuity") from the time of Christ. This view is held by some Baptists, some Mennonites, and some "true church" movements. The opponents of the Baptist successionism theory emphasize that these non-Catholic groups clearly differed from each other, that they held some heretical views, or that the groups had no connection with one another and had origins that were separate both in time and in place.

ReformedMandalorian at 01:49, 13 December 2024

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:49, 13 December 2024
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	[[James M. Stayer]], {{Ill\|Werner O. Packull\|de}}, and [[Klaus Deppermann]] disputed the idea of a single origin of Anabaptists in a 1975 essay entitled "From Monogenesis to Polygenesis", suggesting that February 24, 1527, at Schleitheim is the proper date of the origin of Anabaptism. On this date the Swiss Brethren wrote a declaration of belief called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. The authors of the essay note the agreement among previous Anabaptist historians on polygenesis, even when disputing the date for a single starting point: "Hillerbrand and Bender (like Holl and Troeltsch) were in agreement that there was a single dispersion of Anabaptism …, which certainly ran through Zurich. The only question was whether or not it went back further to Saxony."		[[James M. Stayer]], {{Ill\|Werner O. Packull\|de}}, and [[Klaus Deppermann]] disputed the idea of a single origin of Anabaptists in a 1975 essay entitled "From Monogenesis to Polygenesis", suggesting that February 24, 1527, at Schleitheim is the proper date of the origin of Anabaptism. On this date the Swiss Brethren wrote a declaration of belief called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. The authors of the essay note the agreement among previous Anabaptist historians on polygenesis, even when disputing the date for a single starting point: "Hillerbrand and Bender (like Holl and Troeltsch) were in agreement that there was a single dispersion of Anabaptism …, which certainly ran through Zurich. The only question was whether or not it went back further to Saxony."

	After criticizing the standard polygenetic history, the authors found six groups in early Anabaptism which could be collapsed into three originating "points of departure": "South German Anabaptism, the Swiss Brethren, and the [[Melchiorites]]". According to their polygenesis theory, South German–Austrian Anabaptism "was a diluted form of [[Rhineland mysticism]]", Swiss Anabaptism "arose out of Reformed [[Congregationalist polity\|congregationalism]]", and Dutch Anabaptism was formed by "Social unrest and the apocalyptic visions of [[Melchior Hoffman]]". As examples of how the Anabaptist movement was influenced from sources other than the Swiss Brethren movement, mention has been made of how [[Pilgram Marpeck]]'s ~~XXX~~ of 1542 was deeply influenced by the ~~XXX~~ of 1533 by Münster theologian [[Bernhard Rothmann]]. Hoffman influenced the [[Hutterites]] when they used his commentary on the [[Apocalypse]] shortly after he wrote it.		After criticizing the standard polygenetic history, the authors found six groups in early Anabaptism which could be collapsed into three originating "points of departure": "South German Anabaptism, the Swiss Brethren, and the [[Melchiorites]]". According to their polygenesis theory, South German–Austrian Anabaptism "was a diluted form of [[Rhineland mysticism]]", Swiss Anabaptism "arose out of Reformed [[Congregationalist polity\|congregationalism]]", and Dutch Anabaptism was formed by "Social unrest and the apocalyptic visions of [[Melchior Hoffman]]". As examples of how the Anabaptist movement was influenced from sources other than the Swiss Brethren movement, mention has been made of how [[Pilgram Marpeck]]'s ''Vermanung'' of 1542 was deeply influenced by the ''Bekenntnisse'' of 1533 by Münster theologian [[Bernhard Rothmann]]. Hoffman influenced the [[Hutterites]] when they used his commentary on the [[Apocalypse]] shortly after he wrote it.

	Others who have written in support of polygenesis include ~~XXX~~ and Walter Klaassen, who established links between Müntzer and [[Hans Hut]]. In another work, Gottfried Seebaß and Werner Packull show the influence of Müntzer on the formation of South German Anabaptism. Similarly, author Steven Ozment links Hut and [[Hans Denck]] with Müntzer, [[Sebastian Franck]], and others. Author Calvin Pater shows how [[Andreas Karlstadt]] influenced Swiss Anabaptism in various areas, including his view of Scripture, doctrine of the church, and views on baptism.		Others who have written in support of polygenesis include [[Grete Mecenseffy]] and [[Walter Klaassen]], who established links between Müntzer and [[Hans Hut]]. In another work, Gottfried Seebaß and Werner Packull show the influence of Müntzer on the formation of South German Anabaptism. Similarly, author Steven Ozment links Hut and [[Hans Denck]] with Müntzer, [[Sebastian Franck]], and others. Author Calvin Pater shows how [[Andreas Karlstadt]] influenced Swiss Anabaptism in various areas, including his view of Scripture, doctrine of the church, and views on baptism.

	Several historians, including Thor Hall, Kenneth Davis, and Robert Kreider, have also noted the influence of [[Renaissance humanism\|humanism]] on Radical Reformers in the three originating points of departure to account for how this brand of reform could develop independently from each other. Relatively recent research, begun in a more advanced and deliberate manner by Andrew P. Klager, also explores how the influence and a particular reading of the [[Church Fathers]] contributed to the development of distinctly Anabaptist beliefs and practices in separate regions of Europe in the early 16th century, including by [[Menno Simons]] in the Netherlands, Grebel in Switzerland, Müntzer in central Germany, Marpeck in the Tyrol, Peter Walpot in Moravia, and especially [[Balthasar Hubmaier]] in southern Germany, Switzerland, and Moravia.		Several historians, including Thor Hall, Kenneth Davis, and Robert Kreider, have also noted the influence of [[Renaissance humanism\|humanism]] on Radical Reformers in the three originating points of departure to account for how this brand of reform could develop independently from each other. Relatively recent research, begun in a more advanced and deliberate manner by Andrew P. Klager, also explores how the influence and a particular reading of the [[Church Fathers]] contributed to the development of distinctly Anabaptist beliefs and practices in separate regions of Europe in the early 16th century, including by [[Menno Simons]] in the Netherlands, Grebel in Switzerland, Müntzer in central Germany, Marpeck in the Tyrol, Peter Walpot in Moravia, and especially [[Balthasar Hubmaier]] in southern Germany, Switzerland, and Moravia.
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	Although Moravian Anabaptism was a transplant from other areas of Europe, [[Moravia]] soon became a center for the growing movement, largely because of the greater religious tolerance found there. Hans Hut was an early evangelist in the area, with one historian crediting him with baptizing more converts in two years than all the other Anabaptist evangelists put together. The coming of Balthasar Hübmaier to [[Nikolsburg]] was a definite boost for Anabaptist ideas to the area. With the great influx of religious refugees from all over Europe, many variations of Anabaptism appeared in Moravia, with Jarold Zeman documenting at least ten slightly different versions.		Although Moravian Anabaptism was a transplant from other areas of Europe, [[Moravia]] soon became a center for the growing movement, largely because of the greater religious tolerance found there. Hans Hut was an early evangelist in the area, with one historian crediting him with baptizing more converts in two years than all the other Anabaptist evangelists put together. The coming of Balthasar Hübmaier to [[Nikolsburg]] was a definite boost for Anabaptist ideas to the area. With the great influx of religious refugees from all over Europe, many variations of Anabaptism appeared in Moravia, with Jarold Zeman documenting at least ten slightly different versions.

	Jacob Wiedemann appeared at Nikolsburg and began to teach the pacifistic convictions of the Swiss Brethren, on which Hübmaier had been less authoritative. This would lead to a division between the ~~XXX~~ (sword-bearing) and the (staff-bearing). Wiedemann and those with him also promoted the practice of [[community of goods]]. With orders from the lords of [[Liechtenstein]] to leave Nikolsburg, about 200 withdrew to Moravia to form a community at [[Austerlitz, Netherlands\|Austerlitz]].		Jacob Wiedemann appeared at Nikolsburg and began to teach the pacifistic convictions of the Swiss Brethren, on which Hübmaier had been less authoritative. This would lead to a division between the ''Schwertler'' (sword-bearing) and the (staff-bearing). Wiedemann and those with him also promoted the practice of [[community of goods]]. With orders from the lords of [[Liechtenstein]] to leave Nikolsburg, about 200 withdrew to Moravia to form a community at [[Austerlitz, Netherlands\|Austerlitz]].

	Persecution in South Tyrol brought many refugees to Moravia, many of whom formed into communities that practised community of goods. Others came from [[Silesia]], Switzerland, German lands, and the Low Countries. With the passing of time and persecution, all the other versions of Anabaptism would die out in Moravia leaving only the Hutterites. Even the Hutterites would be dissipated by persecution, with a remnant fleeing to [[Transylvania]], then to Ukraine, and finally to North America in 1874.		Persecution in South Tyrol brought many refugees to Moravia, many of whom formed into communities that practised community of goods. Others came from [[Silesia]], Switzerland, German lands, and the Low Countries. With the passing of time and persecution, all the other versions of Anabaptism would die out in Moravia leaving only the Hutterites. Even the Hutterites would be dissipated by persecution, with a remnant fleeing to [[Transylvania]], then to Ukraine, and finally to North America in 1874.

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 = Anabaptism =
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 == Spirituality ==
-''Further information on this topic can be found at: WIKIPEDIA''
+''Further information on this topic can be found at: [[wikipedia:Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Anabaptists|Hymnody of continental Europe (Anabaptists)]]
 [[File:Zürich - Schipfe IMG 1969.JPG|thumb|Memorial plate at [[Schipfe]] quarter in [[Zürich]] for the Anabaptists executed in the early 16th century by the Zürich city government]]

ReformedMandalorian at 01:46, 13 December 2024

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ReformedMandalorian at 01:37, 13 December 2024

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:37, 13 December 2024
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	'''Anabaptism''' (from [[Neo-Latin]] ''anabaptista'') is a [[List of Christian movements\|Christian movement]] which traces its origins to the [[Radical Reformation]] in the 16th century. Anabaptists believe that [[baptism]] is valid only when candidates freely confess their faith in Christ and request to be baptized. Commonly referred to as [[believer's baptism]], it is opposed to [[infant baptism\|baptism of infants]], who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.		'''Anabaptism''' (from [[Neo-Latin]] ''anabaptista'') is a [[List of Christian movements\|Christian movement]] which traces its origins to the [[Radical Reformation]] in the 16th century. Anabaptists believe that [[baptism]] is valid only when candidates freely confess their faith in Christ and request to be baptized. Commonly referred to as [[believer's baptism]], it is opposed to [[infant baptism\|baptism of infants]], who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.

	The early Anabaptists formulated their beliefs in a [[Creed\|confession of faith]] in 1527 called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. Its author [[Michael Sattler]] was arrested and executed shortly afterward. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.<ref name="Bruening2017">{{cite book\|last= Bruening\|first=Michael W.\|title= A Reformation Sourcebook: Documents from an Age of Debate\|year=2017\|publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]]\|isbn= 978-1-44263570-8\|page=134\|quote= In 1527, [[Michael Sattler]] presided over a meeting at Schleitheim (in canton Schaffhausen, on the Swiss-German border), where Anabaptist leaders drew up the Schleitheim Confession of Faith (doc. 29). Sattler was arrested and executed soon afterwards. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.}}</ref><ref name= "Hershberger2001">{{cite book\|last= Hershberger \|first=Guy F. \|title= The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision \|date=2001\|publisher= [[Wipf & Stock Publishers]] \|isbn=978-1-57910600-3 \|page= 65\|quote=The Schleitheim articles are Anabaptism's oldest confessional document.}}</ref>		The early Anabaptists formulated their beliefs in a [[Creed\|confession of faith]] in 1527 called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. Its author [[Michael Sattler]] was arrested and executed shortly afterward. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.

	Other Christian groups with different roots also practice believer's baptism, such as [[Baptists]], but these groups are not Anabaptist, even though the Baptist tradition was influenced by the Anabaptist view of Baptism. The [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], and [[Mennonites]] are direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement. [[Schwarzenau Brethren]], [[River Brethren]], [[Bruderhof]], and the [[Apostolic Christian Church]] are Anabaptist denominations that developed well after the Radical Reformation, following their example.<ref name="Gertz2004">{{cite web \|last1= Gertz \|first1=Steven \|title= Outsider's Guide to America's Anabaptists \|url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-84/outsiders-guide-to-americas-anabaptists.html \| work =[[Christianity Today]] \|access-date=20 May 2021 \| year = 2004}}</ref><ref name= "TW2021">{{cite web \|title=What about Old Orders, Hutterites, Conservatives, River Brethren and Others? \|url= http://thirdwaycafe.com/faq/what-about-old-orders-hutterites-conservatives-river-brethren-and-others/ \| work =Third Way café \|access-date=20 May 2021 \|date= 2021}}</ref><ref name= "Huffman1920">{{cite book \|last1= Huffman \|first1=Jasper Abraham \|title= History of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church \|date=1920 \|publisher=Bethel Publishing Co. \|page=59}}</ref> Though all Anabaptists share the same core theological beliefs, there are differences in the way of life among them; [[Old Order Anabaptism\|Old Order Anabaptist]] groups include the [[Old Order Amish]], the [[Old Order Mennonite]]s, [[Old Order River Brethren]], and the [[Old Order German Baptist Brethren]].~~<ref name="Gertz2004"/>~~ In between the assimilated mainline denominations (such as [[Mennonite Church USA]] and the [[Church of the Brethren]]) and Old Order groups are [[Conservative Anabaptism\|Conservative Anabaptist]] groups. Conservative Anabaptists such as the [[Dunkard Brethren Church]], [[Conservative Mennonites]] and [[Beachy Amish]] have retained traditional religious practices and theology, while allowing for judicious use of modern conveniences and advanced technology.<ref name= "Guengerich2013">{{cite book \|last1= Guengerich \|first1=Galen \|title=God Revised: How Religion Must Evolve in a Scientific Age \|date= 2013 \|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group \|isbn= 978-1-137-35611-6 \|page=3}}</ref><ref name= "Scott1996">{{cite book \|last1= Scott \|first1=Stephen \|title= Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups \| series = People's Place Book \| number = 12 \|date= 1996 \|publisher=Good Books \|isbn= 978-1-56148-101-9 \|page=228 \|quote= Many writings have been made among conservative Mennonites supporting the Christian woman's veiling.}}</ref>		Other Christian groups with different roots also practice believer's baptism, such as [[Baptists]], but these groups are not Anabaptist, even though the Baptist tradition was influenced by the Anabaptist view of Baptism. The [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], and [[Mennonites]] are direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement. [[Schwarzenau Brethren]], [[River Brethren]], [[Bruderhof]], and the [[Apostolic Christian Church]] are Anabaptist denominations that developed well after the Radical Reformation, following their example. Though all Anabaptists share the same core theological beliefs, there are differences in the way of life among them; [[Old Order Anabaptism\|Old Order Anabaptist]] groups include the [[Old Order Amish]], the [[Old Order Mennonite]]s, [[Old Order River Brethren]], and the [[Old Order German Baptist Brethren]]. In between the assimilated mainline denominations (such as [[Mennonite Church USA]] and the [[Church of the Brethren]]) and Old Order groups are [[Conservative Anabaptism\|Conservative Anabaptist]] groups. Conservative Anabaptists such as the [[Dunkard Brethren Church]], [[Conservative Mennonites]] and [[Beachy Amish]] have retained traditional religious practices and theology, while allowing for judicious use of modern conveniences and advanced technology.

	Emphasizing an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]], as a whole Anabaptists are distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include nonconformity to the world, "the love feast with feet washing, laying on of hands, anointing with oil, and the holy kiss, as well as turning the other cheek, no oaths, going the second mile, giving a cup of cold water, reconciliation, repeated forgiveness, humility, non-violence, and sharing possessions."<ref name= "RedekopBeitzel2019">{{cite book \|last1=Redekop \|first1=Calvin \|last2=Beitzel \|first2=Terry \|title= Service, The Path To Justice \|date= 2019 \|publisher=FriesenPress \|isbn=978-1-5255-3584-0 \|page=165}}</ref><ref name= "Kraybill2010">{{cite book \|last1= Kraybill \|first1=Donald B. \|title= Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites \|date=2010 \|publisher=JHU Press \|isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9 \|page= 107}}</ref><ref name= "Hostetler1993">{{cite book \|last1= Hostetler \|first1=John A. \|title= Amish Society \|date= 1993 \|publisher=JHU Press \|isbn= 978-0-8018-4442-3 \|page=227}}</ref><ref name="Almila2017"/>		Emphasizing an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]], as a whole Anabaptists are distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include nonconformity to the world, "the love feast with feet washing, laying on of hands, anointing with oil, and the holy kiss, as well as turning the other cheek, no oaths, going the second mile, giving a cup of cold water, reconciliation, repeated forgiveness, humility, non-violence, and sharing possessions."

	The name Anabaptist originated as an [[exonym]] meaning "one who baptizes again," referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ even if they had been baptized as infants, and many call themselves "Radical Reformers."<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anabaptist \| title = Anabaptist \| work = Online Etymological Dictionary \| orig-year = 2001 \| year = 2010 \| first = Douglas \| last = Harper \| access-date = April 25, 2011}}</ref> Anabaptists require that baptismal candidates be able to make a confession of faith that is freely chosen and so rejected baptism of infants. The New Testament teaches to repent and then be baptized, and infants are not able to repent and turn away from sin to a life of following Jesus. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that infant baptism was not part of scripture and was therefore null and void. They said that baptizing self-confessed believers was their first true baptism:		The name Anabaptist originated as an [[exonym]] meaning "one who baptizes again," referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ even if they had been baptized as infants, and many call themselves "Radical Reformers." Anabaptists require that baptismal candidates be able to make a confession of faith that is freely chosen and so rejected baptism of infants. The New Testament teaches to repent and then be baptized, and infants are not able to repent and turn away from sin to a life of following Jesus. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that infant baptism was not part of scripture and was therefore null and void. They said that baptizing self-confessed believers was their first true baptism:<blockquote>''"I have never taught Anabaptism. …But the right baptism of Christ, which is preceded by teaching and oral confession of faith, I teach, and say that infant baptism is a robbery of the right baptism of Christ."''
	~~{{Blockquote \|text=~~I have never taught Anabaptism. …But the right baptism of Christ, which is preceded by teaching and oral confession of faith, I teach, and say that infant baptism is a robbery of the right baptism of Christ. ~~\|author= [[Balthasar Hubmaier\|Hubmaier, Balthasar]] (1526) \|source= ''[[s:Balthasar Hübmaier/Chapter 6#204\|Short apology]]~~''.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Vedder \|first=Henry Clay \|author-link=Henry Clay Vedder \|title=[[s:Balthasar Hübmaier\|Balthasar Hübmaier: the Leader of the Anabaptists]] \|location=New York \|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] \|year=1905 \|page=204 \|mode=cs2}}.</ref>}}

	Anabaptists were heavily persecuted by [[State religion\|state churches]], both [[Magisterial Reformation\|Magisterial Protestants]] and [[Roman Catholics]], beginning in the 16th century and continuing thereafter, largely because of their interpretation of scripture which put them at odds with official state church interpretations and local government control. Anabaptism was never established by any state and therefore never enjoyed any associated privileges. Most Anabaptists adhere to a [[Sermon on the Mount#Interpretation\|literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount]] in Matthew 5–7, which teaches against hate, killing, violence, taking oaths, participating in use of force or any military actions, and against participation in civil government. Anabaptists view themselves as primarily citizens of the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)\|kingdom of God]], not of earthly governments. As committed followers of Jesus, they seek to pattern their life after his.~~<ref>{{cite book \|title= Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics \|date= 2011 \|publisher= Baker Books \|isbn= 978-1-4412-3998-3 \|page=64}}</ref>~~		— [[Balthasar Hubmaier\|Hubmaier, Balthasar]] (1526), ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Balthasar_H%C3%BCbmaier/Chapter_6#204 Short apology]''.</blockquote>Anabaptists were heavily persecuted by [[State religion\|state churches]], both [[Magisterial Reformation\|Magisterial Protestants]] and [[Roman Catholics]], beginning in the 16th century and continuing thereafter, largely because of their interpretation of scripture which put them at odds with official state church interpretations and local government control. Anabaptism was never established by any state and therefore never enjoyed any associated privileges. Most Anabaptists adhere to a [[Sermon on the Mount#Interpretation\|literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount]] in Matthew 5–7, which teaches against hate, killing, violence, taking oaths, participating in use of force or any military actions, and against participation in civil government. Anabaptists view themselves as primarily citizens of the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)\|kingdom of God]], not of earthly governments. As committed followers of Jesus, they seek to pattern their life after his.

	Some former groups who practiced rebaptism, now extinct, believed otherwise and complied with these requirements of civil society.~~<ref group="lower-alpha">For example, those of the [[Münster Rebellion]] or [[Balthasar Hubmaier]].</ref>~~ They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites, and many historians consider them outside Anabaptism. [[Conrad Grebel]] wrote in a letter to [[Thomas Müntzer]] in 1524: "True Christian believers are sheep among wolves, sheep for the slaughter ... Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all killing has ceased with them."<ref name= "Dyck">{{Harvnb \| Dyck \| 1967 \|p = 45}}</ref>		Some former groups who practiced rebaptism, now extinct, believed otherwise and complied with these requirements of civil society. They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites, and many historians consider them outside Anabaptism. [[Conrad Grebel]] wrote in a letter to [[Thomas Müntzer]] in 1524: "True Christian believers are sheep among wolves, sheep for the slaughter ... Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all killing has ceased with them."<ref name="Dyck">{{Harvnb \| Dyck \| 1967 \|p = 45}}</ref>

	== Lineage ==		== Lineage ==

	{{Christian ~~denomination tree}}~~		[[File:Christianity major branches.svg\|left\|1169x1169px\|Anabaptism and other Christian / pseudo-Christian branches]]


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	{{Main\|Anabaptist theology}}		{{Main\|Anabaptist theology}}

	Anabaptists view themselves as a separate branch of Christianity, not being a part of Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy or Eastern Orthodoxy.{{Sfn \| Klaassen \| 1973}}<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| title= The Anabaptists: Neither Catholic nor Protestant \| first = William \| last = McGrath \| location = Hartville, OH \| publisher = The Fellowship Messenger \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060547/http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| archive-date=December 27, 2016 \| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation \| chapter-url = http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html \| title = Renaissance and Reformation \| chapter = The Radicals of the Reformation \| first = William \| last = Gilbert \| date = 1998 \| location = Lawrence, KS \| publisher = University of Kansas}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">According to the [[Martyrs Mirror]], the Anabaptist movement has existed since the times of the apostles. It is not Protestant, according to this vital publication.</ref> Anabaptist beliefs were codified in the Schleitheim Confession in 1527, which best represents the beliefs of the various denominations of Anabaptism (inclusive of Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Bruderhof, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christians).<ref name="Bruening2017" /><ref name="Hershberger2001" />		Anabaptists view themselves as a separate branch of Christianity, not being a part of Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy or Eastern Orthodoxy.{{Sfn \| Klaassen \| 1973}}<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| title= The Anabaptists: Neither Catholic nor Protestant \| first = William \| last = McGrath \| location = Hartville, OH \| publisher = The Fellowship Messenger \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060547/http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| archive-date=December 27, 2016 \| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation \| chapter-url = http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html \| title = Renaissance and Reformation \| chapter = The Radicals of the Reformation \| first = William \| last = Gilbert \| date = 1998 \| location = Lawrence, KS \| publisher = University of Kansas}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">According to the [[Martyrs Mirror]], the Anabaptist movement has existed since the times of the apostles. It is not Protestant, according to this vital publication.</ref> Anabaptist beliefs were codified in the Schleitheim Confession in 1527, which best represents the beliefs of the various denominations of Anabaptism (inclusive of Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Bruderhof, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christians).<ref name="Bruening2017">{{cite book\|last=Bruening\|first=Michael W.\|title=A Reformation Sourcebook: Documents from an Age of Debate\|year=2017\|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]\|isbn=978-1-44263570-8\|page=134\|quote=In 1527, [[Michael Sattler]] presided over a meeting at Schleitheim (in canton Schaffhausen, on the Swiss-German border), where Anabaptist leaders drew up the Schleitheim Confession of Faith (doc. 29). Sattler was arrested and executed soon afterwards. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.}}</ref><ref name="Hershberger2001">{{cite book\|last=Hershberger\|first=Guy F.\|title=The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision\|date=2001\|publisher=[[Wipf & Stock Publishers]]\|isbn=978-1-57910600-3\|page=65\|quote=The Schleitheim articles are Anabaptism's oldest confessional document.}}</ref>

	Anabaptist denominations, such as the Mennonites, teach "true faith entails a new birth, a spiritual regeneration by God's grace and power; 'believers' are those who have become the spiritual children of God."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> In Anabaptist theology, the pathway to salvation is "marked not by a forensic understanding of salvation by '[[Sola fide\|faith alone]]', but by the entire process of repentance, self-denial, faith rebirth and obedience."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> Those who wish to tarry this path receive [[baptism]] after the [[Born again#Anabaptism\|New Birth]].<ref name="Sheldrake2005">{{cite book \|last1=Sheldrake \|first1=Philip \|title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality \|year= 2005 \|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press \|isbn=978-0-664-23003-6 \|page=104 \|language=English}}</ref> Anabaptists heavily emphasize the importance of obedience in the salvation journey of a believer.<ref name="PaulsenMusser2007">{{cite book \|last1=Paulsen \|first1=David Lamont \|last2=Musser \|first2=Donald W. \|title=Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies \|date=2007 \|publisher=Mercer University Press \|isbn=978-0-88146-083-4 \|page=106 \|language=English}}</ref>		Anabaptist denominations, such as the Mennonites, teach "true faith entails a new birth, a spiritual regeneration by God's grace and power; 'believers' are those who have become the spiritual children of God."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> In Anabaptist theology, the pathway to salvation is "marked not by a forensic understanding of salvation by '[[Sola fide\|faith alone]]', but by the entire process of repentance, self-denial, faith rebirth and obedience."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> Those who wish to tarry this path receive [[baptism]] after the [[Born again#Anabaptism\|New Birth]].<ref name="Sheldrake2005">{{cite book \|last1=Sheldrake \|first1=Philip \|title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality \|year= 2005 \|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press \|isbn=978-0-664-23003-6 \|page=104 \|language=English}}</ref> Anabaptists heavily emphasize the importance of obedience in the salvation journey of a believer.<ref name="PaulsenMusser2007">{{cite book \|last1=Paulsen \|first1=David Lamont \|last2=Musser \|first2=Donald W. \|title=Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies \|date=2007 \|publisher=Mercer University Press \|isbn=978-0-88146-083-4 \|page=106 \|language=English}}</ref>

	As a whole, Anabaptists emphasize an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]] and are thus distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include the observance of [[Maundy (foot washing)\|feetwashing]], the [[Kiss of peace\|holy kiss]], and [[Eucharist\|communion]] (with these three ordinances being practiced collectively in the [[Agape feast\|lovefeast]] in the Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren traditions), [[Head covering for Christian women\|Christian headcovering]], [[nonconformity to the world]], [[nonresistance]], forgiveness, and sharing possessions, which in certain communities (as with the Bruderhof) takes on the form of [[communal living]].<ref name="RedekopBeitzel2019" /><ref name="Almila2017">{{cite book \|last1=Almila \|first1=Anna-Mari \|last2=Almila \|first2=David \|title=The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling \|date=2017 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-04114-6 \|page=296 \|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kraybill2010" /><ref name="Hostetler1993" />		As a whole, Anabaptists emphasize an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]] and are thus distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include the observance of [[Maundy (foot washing)\|feetwashing]], the [[Kiss of peace\|holy kiss]], and [[Eucharist\|communion]] (with these three ordinances being practiced collectively in the [[Agape feast\|lovefeast]] in the Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren traditions), [[Head covering for Christian women\|Christian headcovering]], [[nonconformity to the world]], [[nonresistance]], forgiveness, and sharing possessions, which in certain communities (as with the Bruderhof) takes on the form of [[communal living]].<ref name="RedekopBeitzel2019">{{cite book\|last1=Redekop\|first1=Calvin\|last2=Beitzel\|first2=Terry\|title=Service, The Path To Justice\|date=2019\|publisher=FriesenPress\|isbn=978-1-5255-3584-0\|page=165}}</ref><ref name="Almila2017">{{cite book \|last1=Almila \|first1=Anna-Mari \|last2=Almila \|first2=David \|title=The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling \|date=2017 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-04114-6 \|page=296 \|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kraybill2010">{{cite book\|last1=Kraybill\|first1=Donald B.\|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites\|date=2010\|publisher=JHU Press\|isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9\|page=107}}</ref><ref name="Hostetler1993">{{cite book\|last1=Hostetler\|first1=John A.\|title=Amish Society\|date=1993\|publisher=JHU Press\|isbn=978-0-8018-4442-3\|page=227}}</ref>

	== Types ==		== Types ==

ReformedMandalorian at 01:27, 13 December 2024

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	'''Anabaptism''' (from [[Neo-Latin]] ~~anabaptista,<ref name= OED /> from the [[Greek language\|Greek]] {{lang \|grc\|ἀναβαπτισμός}}: {{lang\|grc\|ἀνά}}~~ '~~re-~~' ~~and {{lang\|grc\|βαπτισμός}}~~ '~~[[baptism]]~~';<ref name= OED /> {{langx\|de\|Täufer}}, earlier also {{lang\|de\|Wiedertäufer}})<ref group= "lower-alpha">Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term {{lang\|de\|Wiedertäufer}} (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. The term {{lang\|de\|Täufer}} (translation: "Baptizers") is now used, which is considered more impartial. From the perspective of their persecutors, the "Baptizers" baptized for the second time those "who as infants had already been baptized". The denigrative term Anabaptist, given to them by others, signifies rebaptizing and is considered a polemical term, so it has been dropped from use in modern German. However, in the English-speaking world, it is still used to distinguish the Baptizers more clearly from the [[Baptists]], a Protestant sect that developed later in England. Compare their self-designation as "Brethren in Christ" or "Church of God": {{cite encyclopedia \|last=Stayer \|first= James M. \|author-link=James M. Stayer \|date=2001 \|title=Täufer \|encyclopedia=[[Theologische Realenzyklopädie]] (TRE) ~~\|language= de \|volume= 32 \|location= Berlin, New York \|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] \|pages=597–617 \|isbn= 3-11-016712-3 \|quote={{lang\|de\|Brüder in Christo", "Gemeinde Gottes}}}}.</ref>~~ is a [[List of Christian movements\|Christian movement]] which traces its origins to the [[Radical Reformation]] in the 16th century. Anabaptists believe that [[baptism]] is valid only when candidates freely confess their faith in Christ and request to be baptized. Commonly referred to as [[believer's baptism]], it is opposed to [[infant baptism\|baptism of infants]], who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.		'''Anabaptism''' (from [[Neo-Latin]] ''anabaptista'') is a [[List of Christian movements\|Christian movement]] which traces its origins to the [[Radical Reformation]] in the 16th century. Anabaptists believe that [[baptism]] is valid only when candidates freely confess their faith in Christ and request to be baptized. Commonly referred to as [[believer's baptism]], it is opposed to [[infant baptism\|baptism of infants]], who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.

	The early Anabaptists formulated their beliefs in a [[Creed\|confession of faith]] in 1527 called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. Its author [[Michael Sattler]] was arrested and executed shortly afterward. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.<ref name="Bruening2017">{{cite book\|last= Bruening\|first=Michael W.\|title= A Reformation Sourcebook: Documents from an Age of Debate\|year=2017\|publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]]\|isbn= 978-1-44263570-8\|page=134\|quote= In 1527, [[Michael Sattler]] presided over a meeting at Schleitheim (in canton Schaffhausen, on the Swiss-German border), where Anabaptist leaders drew up the Schleitheim Confession of Faith (doc. 29). Sattler was arrested and executed soon afterwards. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.}}</ref><ref name= "Hershberger2001">{{cite book\|last= Hershberger \|first=Guy F. \|title= The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision \|date=2001\|publisher= [[Wipf & Stock Publishers]] \|isbn=978-1-57910600-3 \|page= 65\|quote=The Schleitheim articles are Anabaptism's oldest confessional document.}}</ref>		The early Anabaptists formulated their beliefs in a [[Creed\|confession of faith]] in 1527 called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. Its author [[Michael Sattler]] was arrested and executed shortly afterward. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.<ref name="Bruening2017">{{cite book\|last= Bruening\|first=Michael W.\|title= A Reformation Sourcebook: Documents from an Age of Debate\|year=2017\|publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]]\|isbn= 978-1-44263570-8\|page=134\|quote= In 1527, [[Michael Sattler]] presided over a meeting at Schleitheim (in canton Schaffhausen, on the Swiss-German border), where Anabaptist leaders drew up the Schleitheim Confession of Faith (doc. 29). Sattler was arrested and executed soon afterwards. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.}}</ref><ref name= "Hershberger2001">{{cite book\|last= Hershberger \|first=Guy F. \|title= The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision \|date=2001\|publisher= [[Wipf & Stock Publishers]] \|isbn=978-1-57910600-3 \|page= 65\|quote=The Schleitheim articles are Anabaptism's oldest confessional document.}}</ref>

ReformedMandalorian: Created page with "'''Anabaptism''' (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek {{lang |grc|ἀναβαπτισμός}}: {{lang|grc|ἀνά}} 're-' and {{lang|grc|βαπτισμός}} 'baptism'; {{langx|de|Täufer}}, earlier also {{lang|de|Wiedertäufer}})Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term {{lang|de|Wiedertäufer}} (translation: "Re-baptizers"), consid..."

2024-12-13T01:24:30Z

Created page with "'''Anabaptism''' (from Neo-Latin anabaptista,<ref name= OED /> from the Greek {{lang |grc|ἀναβαπτισμός}}: {{lang|grc|ἀνά}} 're-' and {{lang|grc|βαπτισμός}} 'baptism';<ref name= OED /> {{langx|de|Täufer}}, earlier also {{lang|de|Wiedertäufer}})<ref group= "lower-alpha">Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term {{lang|de|Wiedertäufer}} (translation: "Re-baptizers"), consid..."

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:37, 13 December 2024
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	'''Anabaptism''' (from [[Neo-Latin]] ''anabaptista'') is a [[List of Christian movements\|Christian movement]] which traces its origins to the [[Radical Reformation]] in the 16th century. Anabaptists believe that [[baptism]] is valid only when candidates freely confess their faith in Christ and request to be baptized. Commonly referred to as [[believer's baptism]], it is opposed to [[infant baptism\|baptism of infants]], who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.		'''Anabaptism''' (from [[Neo-Latin]] ''anabaptista'') is a [[List of Christian movements\|Christian movement]] which traces its origins to the [[Radical Reformation]] in the 16th century. Anabaptists believe that [[baptism]] is valid only when candidates freely confess their faith in Christ and request to be baptized. Commonly referred to as [[believer's baptism]], it is opposed to [[infant baptism\|baptism of infants]], who are not able to make a conscious decision to be baptized.

	The early Anabaptists formulated their beliefs in a [[Creed\|confession of faith]] in 1527 called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. Its author [[Michael Sattler]] was arrested and executed shortly afterward. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.<ref name="Bruening2017">{{cite book\|last= Bruening\|first=Michael W.\|title= A Reformation Sourcebook: Documents from an Age of Debate\|year=2017\|publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]]\|isbn= 978-1-44263570-8\|page=134\|quote= In 1527, [[Michael Sattler]] presided over a meeting at Schleitheim (in canton Schaffhausen, on the Swiss-German border), where Anabaptist leaders drew up the Schleitheim Confession of Faith (doc. 29). Sattler was arrested and executed soon afterwards. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.}}</ref><ref name= "Hershberger2001">{{cite book\|last= Hershberger \|first=Guy F. \|title= The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision \|date=2001\|publisher= [[Wipf & Stock Publishers]] \|isbn=978-1-57910600-3 \|page= 65\|quote=The Schleitheim articles are Anabaptism's oldest confessional document.}}</ref>		The early Anabaptists formulated their beliefs in a [[Creed\|confession of faith]] in 1527 called the [[Schleitheim Confession]]. Its author [[Michael Sattler]] was arrested and executed shortly afterward. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.

	Other Christian groups with different roots also practice believer's baptism, such as [[Baptists]], but these groups are not Anabaptist, even though the Baptist tradition was influenced by the Anabaptist view of Baptism. The [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], and [[Mennonites]] are direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement. [[Schwarzenau Brethren]], [[River Brethren]], [[Bruderhof]], and the [[Apostolic Christian Church]] are Anabaptist denominations that developed well after the Radical Reformation, following their example.<ref name="Gertz2004">{{cite web \|last1= Gertz \|first1=Steven \|title= Outsider's Guide to America's Anabaptists \|url= https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-84/outsiders-guide-to-americas-anabaptists.html \| work =[[Christianity Today]] \|access-date=20 May 2021 \| year = 2004}}</ref><ref name= "TW2021">{{cite web \|title=What about Old Orders, Hutterites, Conservatives, River Brethren and Others? \|url= http://thirdwaycafe.com/faq/what-about-old-orders-hutterites-conservatives-river-brethren-and-others/ \| work =Third Way café \|access-date=20 May 2021 \|date= 2021}}</ref><ref name= "Huffman1920">{{cite book \|last1= Huffman \|first1=Jasper Abraham \|title= History of the Mennonite Brethren in Christ Church \|date=1920 \|publisher=Bethel Publishing Co. \|page=59}}</ref> Though all Anabaptists share the same core theological beliefs, there are differences in the way of life among them; [[Old Order Anabaptism\|Old Order Anabaptist]] groups include the [[Old Order Amish]], the [[Old Order Mennonite]]s, [[Old Order River Brethren]], and the [[Old Order German Baptist Brethren]].~~<ref name="Gertz2004"/>~~ In between the assimilated mainline denominations (such as [[Mennonite Church USA]] and the [[Church of the Brethren]]) and Old Order groups are [[Conservative Anabaptism\|Conservative Anabaptist]] groups. Conservative Anabaptists such as the [[Dunkard Brethren Church]], [[Conservative Mennonites]] and [[Beachy Amish]] have retained traditional religious practices and theology, while allowing for judicious use of modern conveniences and advanced technology.<ref name= "Guengerich2013">{{cite book \|last1= Guengerich \|first1=Galen \|title=God Revised: How Religion Must Evolve in a Scientific Age \|date= 2013 \|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group \|isbn= 978-1-137-35611-6 \|page=3}}</ref><ref name= "Scott1996">{{cite book \|last1= Scott \|first1=Stephen \|title= Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups \| series = People's Place Book \| number = 12 \|date= 1996 \|publisher=Good Books \|isbn= 978-1-56148-101-9 \|page=228 \|quote= Many writings have been made among conservative Mennonites supporting the Christian woman's veiling.}}</ref>		Other Christian groups with different roots also practice believer's baptism, such as [[Baptists]], but these groups are not Anabaptist, even though the Baptist tradition was influenced by the Anabaptist view of Baptism. The [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], and [[Mennonites]] are direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement. [[Schwarzenau Brethren]], [[River Brethren]], [[Bruderhof]], and the [[Apostolic Christian Church]] are Anabaptist denominations that developed well after the Radical Reformation, following their example. Though all Anabaptists share the same core theological beliefs, there are differences in the way of life among them; [[Old Order Anabaptism\|Old Order Anabaptist]] groups include the [[Old Order Amish]], the [[Old Order Mennonite]]s, [[Old Order River Brethren]], and the [[Old Order German Baptist Brethren]]. In between the assimilated mainline denominations (such as [[Mennonite Church USA]] and the [[Church of the Brethren]]) and Old Order groups are [[Conservative Anabaptism\|Conservative Anabaptist]] groups. Conservative Anabaptists such as the [[Dunkard Brethren Church]], [[Conservative Mennonites]] and [[Beachy Amish]] have retained traditional religious practices and theology, while allowing for judicious use of modern conveniences and advanced technology.

	Emphasizing an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]], as a whole Anabaptists are distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include nonconformity to the world, "the love feast with feet washing, laying on of hands, anointing with oil, and the holy kiss, as well as turning the other cheek, no oaths, going the second mile, giving a cup of cold water, reconciliation, repeated forgiveness, humility, non-violence, and sharing possessions."<ref name= "RedekopBeitzel2019">{{cite book \|last1=Redekop \|first1=Calvin \|last2=Beitzel \|first2=Terry \|title= Service, The Path To Justice \|date= 2019 \|publisher=FriesenPress \|isbn=978-1-5255-3584-0 \|page=165}}</ref><ref name= "Kraybill2010">{{cite book \|last1= Kraybill \|first1=Donald B. \|title= Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites \|date=2010 \|publisher=JHU Press \|isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9 \|page= 107}}</ref><ref name= "Hostetler1993">{{cite book \|last1= Hostetler \|first1=John A. \|title= Amish Society \|date= 1993 \|publisher=JHU Press \|isbn= 978-0-8018-4442-3 \|page=227}}</ref><ref name="Almila2017"/>		Emphasizing an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]], as a whole Anabaptists are distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include nonconformity to the world, "the love feast with feet washing, laying on of hands, anointing with oil, and the holy kiss, as well as turning the other cheek, no oaths, going the second mile, giving a cup of cold water, reconciliation, repeated forgiveness, humility, non-violence, and sharing possessions."

	The name Anabaptist originated as an [[exonym]] meaning "one who baptizes again," referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ even if they had been baptized as infants, and many call themselves "Radical Reformers."<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anabaptist \| title = Anabaptist \| work = Online Etymological Dictionary \| orig-year = 2001 \| year = 2010 \| first = Douglas \| last = Harper \| access-date = April 25, 2011}}</ref> Anabaptists require that baptismal candidates be able to make a confession of faith that is freely chosen and so rejected baptism of infants. The New Testament teaches to repent and then be baptized, and infants are not able to repent and turn away from sin to a life of following Jesus. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that infant baptism was not part of scripture and was therefore null and void. They said that baptizing self-confessed believers was their first true baptism:		The name Anabaptist originated as an [[exonym]] meaning "one who baptizes again," referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ even if they had been baptized as infants, and many call themselves "Radical Reformers." Anabaptists require that baptismal candidates be able to make a confession of faith that is freely chosen and so rejected baptism of infants. The New Testament teaches to repent and then be baptized, and infants are not able to repent and turn away from sin to a life of following Jesus. The early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that infant baptism was not part of scripture and was therefore null and void. They said that baptizing self-confessed believers was their first true baptism:<blockquote>''"I have never taught Anabaptism. …But the right baptism of Christ, which is preceded by teaching and oral confession of faith, I teach, and say that infant baptism is a robbery of the right baptism of Christ."''
	~~{{Blockquote \|text=~~I have never taught Anabaptism. …But the right baptism of Christ, which is preceded by teaching and oral confession of faith, I teach, and say that infant baptism is a robbery of the right baptism of Christ. ~~\|author= [[Balthasar Hubmaier\|Hubmaier, Balthasar]] (1526) \|source= ''[[s:Balthasar Hübmaier/Chapter 6#204\|Short apology]]~~''.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Vedder \|first=Henry Clay \|author-link=Henry Clay Vedder \|title=[[s:Balthasar Hübmaier\|Balthasar Hübmaier: the Leader of the Anabaptists]] \|location=New York \|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]] \|year=1905 \|page=204 \|mode=cs2}}.</ref>}}

	Anabaptists were heavily persecuted by [[State religion\|state churches]], both [[Magisterial Reformation\|Magisterial Protestants]] and [[Roman Catholics]], beginning in the 16th century and continuing thereafter, largely because of their interpretation of scripture which put them at odds with official state church interpretations and local government control. Anabaptism was never established by any state and therefore never enjoyed any associated privileges. Most Anabaptists adhere to a [[Sermon on the Mount#Interpretation\|literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount]] in Matthew 5–7, which teaches against hate, killing, violence, taking oaths, participating in use of force or any military actions, and against participation in civil government. Anabaptists view themselves as primarily citizens of the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)\|kingdom of God]], not of earthly governments. As committed followers of Jesus, they seek to pattern their life after his.~~<ref>{{cite book \|title= Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics \|date= 2011 \|publisher= Baker Books \|isbn= 978-1-4412-3998-3 \|page=64}}</ref>~~		— [[Balthasar Hubmaier\|Hubmaier, Balthasar]] (1526), ''[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Balthasar_H%C3%BCbmaier/Chapter_6#204 Short apology]''.</blockquote>Anabaptists were heavily persecuted by [[State religion\|state churches]], both [[Magisterial Reformation\|Magisterial Protestants]] and [[Roman Catholics]], beginning in the 16th century and continuing thereafter, largely because of their interpretation of scripture which put them at odds with official state church interpretations and local government control. Anabaptism was never established by any state and therefore never enjoyed any associated privileges. Most Anabaptists adhere to a [[Sermon on the Mount#Interpretation\|literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount]] in Matthew 5–7, which teaches against hate, killing, violence, taking oaths, participating in use of force or any military actions, and against participation in civil government. Anabaptists view themselves as primarily citizens of the [[Kingdom of God (Christianity)\|kingdom of God]], not of earthly governments. As committed followers of Jesus, they seek to pattern their life after his.

	Some former groups who practiced rebaptism, now extinct, believed otherwise and complied with these requirements of civil society.~~<ref group="lower-alpha">For example, those of the [[Münster Rebellion]] or [[Balthasar Hubmaier]].</ref>~~ They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites, and many historians consider them outside Anabaptism. [[Conrad Grebel]] wrote in a letter to [[Thomas Müntzer]] in 1524: "True Christian believers are sheep among wolves, sheep for the slaughter ... Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all killing has ceased with them."<ref name= "Dyck">{{Harvnb \| Dyck \| 1967 \|p = 45}}</ref>		Some former groups who practiced rebaptism, now extinct, believed otherwise and complied with these requirements of civil society. They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, Hutterites, and many historians consider them outside Anabaptism. [[Conrad Grebel]] wrote in a letter to [[Thomas Müntzer]] in 1524: "True Christian believers are sheep among wolves, sheep for the slaughter ... Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all killing has ceased with them."<ref name="Dyck">{{Harvnb \| Dyck \| 1967 \|p = 45}}</ref>

	== Lineage ==		== Lineage ==

	{{Christian ~~denomination tree}}~~		[[File:Christianity major branches.svg\|left\|1169x1169px\|Anabaptism and other Christian / pseudo-Christian branches]]


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	{{Main\|Anabaptist theology}}		{{Main\|Anabaptist theology}}

	Anabaptists view themselves as a separate branch of Christianity, not being a part of Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy or Eastern Orthodoxy.{{Sfn \| Klaassen \| 1973}}<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| title= The Anabaptists: Neither Catholic nor Protestant \| first = William \| last = McGrath \| location = Hartville, OH \| publisher = The Fellowship Messenger \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060547/http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| archive-date=December 27, 2016 \| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation \| chapter-url = http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html \| title = Renaissance and Reformation \| chapter = The Radicals of the Reformation \| first = William \| last = Gilbert \| date = 1998 \| location = Lawrence, KS \| publisher = University of Kansas}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">According to the [[Martyrs Mirror]], the Anabaptist movement has existed since the times of the apostles. It is not Protestant, according to this vital publication.</ref> Anabaptist beliefs were codified in the Schleitheim Confession in 1527, which best represents the beliefs of the various denominations of Anabaptism (inclusive of Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Bruderhof, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christians).<ref name="Bruening2017" /><ref name="Hershberger2001" />		Anabaptists view themselves as a separate branch of Christianity, not being a part of Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy or Eastern Orthodoxy.{{Sfn \| Klaassen \| 1973}}<ref>{{citation \| url = http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| title= The Anabaptists: Neither Catholic nor Protestant \| first = William \| last = McGrath \| location = Hartville, OH \| publisher = The Fellowship Messenger \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060547/http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf \| archive-date=December 27, 2016 \| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation \| chapter-url = http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html \| title = Renaissance and Reformation \| chapter = The Radicals of the Reformation \| first = William \| last = Gilbert \| date = 1998 \| location = Lawrence, KS \| publisher = University of Kansas}}</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">According to the [[Martyrs Mirror]], the Anabaptist movement has existed since the times of the apostles. It is not Protestant, according to this vital publication.</ref> Anabaptist beliefs were codified in the Schleitheim Confession in 1527, which best represents the beliefs of the various denominations of Anabaptism (inclusive of Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites, Bruderhof, Schwarzenau Brethren, River Brethren and Apostolic Christians).<ref name="Bruening2017">{{cite book\|last=Bruening\|first=Michael W.\|title=A Reformation Sourcebook: Documents from an Age of Debate\|year=2017\|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]\|isbn=978-1-44263570-8\|page=134\|quote=In 1527, [[Michael Sattler]] presided over a meeting at Schleitheim (in canton Schaffhausen, on the Swiss-German border), where Anabaptist leaders drew up the Schleitheim Confession of Faith (doc. 29). Sattler was arrested and executed soon afterwards. Anabaptist groups varied widely in their specific beliefs, but the Schleitheim Confession represents foundational Anabaptist beliefs as well as any single document can.}}</ref><ref name="Hershberger2001">{{cite book\|last=Hershberger\|first=Guy F.\|title=The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision\|date=2001\|publisher=[[Wipf & Stock Publishers]]\|isbn=978-1-57910600-3\|page=65\|quote=The Schleitheim articles are Anabaptism's oldest confessional document.}}</ref>

	Anabaptist denominations, such as the Mennonites, teach "true faith entails a new birth, a spiritual regeneration by God's grace and power; 'believers' are those who have become the spiritual children of God."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> In Anabaptist theology, the pathway to salvation is "marked not by a forensic understanding of salvation by '[[Sola fide\|faith alone]]', but by the entire process of repentance, self-denial, faith rebirth and obedience."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> Those who wish to tarry this path receive [[baptism]] after the [[Born again#Anabaptism\|New Birth]].<ref name="Sheldrake2005">{{cite book \|last1=Sheldrake \|first1=Philip \|title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality \|year= 2005 \|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press \|isbn=978-0-664-23003-6 \|page=104 \|language=English}}</ref> Anabaptists heavily emphasize the importance of obedience in the salvation journey of a believer.<ref name="PaulsenMusser2007">{{cite book \|last1=Paulsen \|first1=David Lamont \|last2=Musser \|first2=Donald W. \|title=Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies \|date=2007 \|publisher=Mercer University Press \|isbn=978-0-88146-083-4 \|page=106 \|language=English}}</ref>		Anabaptist denominations, such as the Mennonites, teach "true faith entails a new birth, a spiritual regeneration by God's grace and power; 'believers' are those who have become the spiritual children of God."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> In Anabaptist theology, the pathway to salvation is "marked not by a forensic understanding of salvation by '[[Sola fide\|faith alone]]', but by the entire process of repentance, self-denial, faith rebirth and obedience."<ref name="Sheldrake2005" /> Those who wish to tarry this path receive [[baptism]] after the [[Born again#Anabaptism\|New Birth]].<ref name="Sheldrake2005">{{cite book \|last1=Sheldrake \|first1=Philip \|title=The New Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality \|year= 2005 \|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press \|isbn=978-0-664-23003-6 \|page=104 \|language=English}}</ref> Anabaptists heavily emphasize the importance of obedience in the salvation journey of a believer.<ref name="PaulsenMusser2007">{{cite book \|last1=Paulsen \|first1=David Lamont \|last2=Musser \|first2=Donald W. \|title=Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies \|date=2007 \|publisher=Mercer University Press \|isbn=978-0-88146-083-4 \|page=106 \|language=English}}</ref>

	As a whole, Anabaptists emphasize an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]] and are thus distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include the observance of [[Maundy (foot washing)\|feetwashing]], the [[Kiss of peace\|holy kiss]], and [[Eucharist\|communion]] (with these three ordinances being practiced collectively in the [[Agape feast\|lovefeast]] in the Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren traditions), [[Head covering for Christian women\|Christian headcovering]], [[nonconformity to the world]], [[nonresistance]], forgiveness, and sharing possessions, which in certain communities (as with the Bruderhof) takes on the form of [[communal living]].<ref name="RedekopBeitzel2019" /><ref name="Almila2017">{{cite book \|last1=Almila \|first1=Anna-Mari \|last2=Almila \|first2=David \|title=The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling \|date=2017 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-04114-6 \|page=296 \|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kraybill2010" /><ref name="Hostetler1993" />		As a whole, Anabaptists emphasize an adherence to the beliefs of [[early Christianity]] and are thus distinguished by their keeping of practices that often include the observance of [[Maundy (foot washing)\|feetwashing]], the [[Kiss of peace\|holy kiss]], and [[Eucharist\|communion]] (with these three ordinances being practiced collectively in the [[Agape feast\|lovefeast]] in the Schwarzenau Brethren and River Brethren traditions), [[Head covering for Christian women\|Christian headcovering]], [[nonconformity to the world]], [[nonresistance]], forgiveness, and sharing possessions, which in certain communities (as with the Bruderhof) takes on the form of [[communal living]].<ref name="RedekopBeitzel2019">{{cite book\|last1=Redekop\|first1=Calvin\|last2=Beitzel\|first2=Terry\|title=Service, The Path To Justice\|date=2019\|publisher=FriesenPress\|isbn=978-1-5255-3584-0\|page=165}}</ref><ref name="Almila2017">{{cite book \|last1=Almila \|first1=Anna-Mari \|last2=Almila \|first2=David \|title=The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling \|date=2017 \|publisher=Taylor & Francis \|isbn=978-1-317-04114-6 \|page=296 \|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kraybill2010">{{cite book\|last1=Kraybill\|first1=Donald B.\|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites\|date=2010\|publisher=JHU Press\|isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9\|page=107}}</ref><ref name="Hostetler1993">{{cite book\|last1=Hostetler\|first1=John A.\|title=Amish Society\|date=1993\|publisher=JHU Press\|isbn=978-0-8018-4442-3\|page=227}}</ref>

	== Types ==		== Types ==