Martin Bucer - Revision history

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References=

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	* [http://sites.google.com/site/bucerforfree/ Bucer For Free] (Links to the digitized versions of the early editions of Bucer's works)		* [http://sites.google.com/site/bucerforfree/ Bucer For Free] (Links to the digitized versions of the early editions of Bucer's works)

	=References==		=References=

ReformedMandalorian at 16:54, 24 November 2024

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	By 1515, Bucer was studying theology in the Dominican monastery in [[Heidelberg]]. The following year, he took a course in [[dogmatics]] in [[Mainz]], where he was ordained a priest, returning to Heidelberg in January 1517 to enroll in the [[Heidelberg University\|university]]. Around this time, he became influenced by [[Renaissance humanism\|humanism]], and he started buying books published by [[Johannes Froben]], some by the great humanist [[Desiderius Erasmus\|Erasmus]]. A 1518 inventory of Bucer's books includes the major works of [[Thomas Aquinas]], leader of medieval [[scholasticism]] in the Dominican Order.		By 1515, Bucer was studying theology in the Dominican monastery in [[Heidelberg]]. The following year, he took a course in [[dogmatics]] in [[Mainz]], where he was ordained a priest, returning to Heidelberg in January 1517 to enroll in the [[Heidelberg University\|university]]. Around this time, he became influenced by [[Renaissance humanism\|humanism]], and he started buying books published by [[Johannes Froben]], some by the great humanist [[Desiderius Erasmus\|Erasmus]]. A 1518 inventory of Bucer's books includes the major works of [[Thomas Aquinas]], leader of medieval [[scholasticism]] in the Dominican Order.

	In April 1518, [[Johannes von Staupitz]], the vicar-general of the [[Augustinians]], invited the [[Wittenberg]] reformer [[Martin Luther]] to argue his theology at the [[Heidelberg Disputation]]. Here Bucer met Luther for the first time.~~{{Sfn \|Eells\|1931\|p=4}}{{Sfn \|Greschat\|2004\|pp=26–7}}~~ In a long letter to his mentor, [[Beatus Rhenanus]], Bucer recounted what he learned, and he commented on several of Luther's ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. He largely agreed with them and perceived the ideas of Luther and Erasmus to be in concordance. Because meeting Luther posed certain risks, he asked Rhenanus to ensure his letter did not fall into the wrong hands. He also wrote his will, which contains the inventory of his books. In early 1519, Bucer received the ''[[baccalaureus]]'' degree, and that summer he stated his theological views in a disputation before the faculty at Heidelberg, revealing his break with Aquinas and scholasticism.		In April 1518, [[Johannes von Staupitz]], the vicar-general of the [[Augustinians]], invited the [[Wittenberg]] reformer [[Martin Luther]] to argue his theology at the [[Heidelberg Disputation]]. Here Bucer met Luther for the first time. In a long letter to his mentor, [[Beatus Rhenanus]], Bucer recounted what he learned, and he commented on several of Luther's ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. He largely agreed with them and perceived the ideas of Luther and Erasmus to be in concordance. Because meeting Luther posed certain risks, he asked Rhenanus to ensure his letter did not fall into the wrong hands. He also wrote his will, which contains the inventory of his books. In early 1519, Bucer received the ''[[baccalaureus]]'' degree, and that summer he stated his theological views in a disputation before the faculty at Heidelberg, revealing his break with Aquinas and scholasticism.

	[[File:Franz von Sickingen (16 Jh).jpg\|thumb\|[[Franz von Sickingen]] was the protector and defender of Martin Bucer during his early years.]]		[[File:Franz von Sickingen (16 Jh).jpg\|thumb\|[[Franz von Sickingen]] was the protector and defender of Martin Bucer during his early years.]]
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	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917015512/http://www.bucer.de/ueberuns/werwirsind/00000093d5075a609/index.html Short biography of Martin Bucer]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917015512/http://www.bucer.de/ueberuns/werwirsind/00000093d5075a609/index.html Short biography of Martin Bucer]
	* [http://sites.google.com/site/bucerforfree/ Bucer For Free] (Links to the digitized versions of the early editions of Bucer's works)		* [http://sites.google.com/site/bucerforfree/ Bucer For Free] (Links to the digitized versions of the early editions of Bucer's works)

			=References==

ReformedMandalorian at 16:39, 24 November 2024

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	==Historical context==		==Historical context==
	[[File:~~Saxony_and_cities_Bucer~~.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]		[[File:Saxony and cities Bucer.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]
	In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.		In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.

ReformedMandalorian at 16:38, 24 November 2024

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	==Historical context==		==Historical context==
	[[~~Image~~:~~440px-~~Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]		[[File:Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]
	In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.		In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.

ReformedMandalorian: /* Historical context */

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Historical context

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	==Historical context==		==Historical context==
	[[Image:~~https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg/~~440px-Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]		[[Image:440px-Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]
	In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.		In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.

ReformedMandalorian: /* Historical context */

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Historical context

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	==Historical context==		==Historical context==
	[[Image:~~Saxony and cities Bucer~~.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]		[[Image:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg/440px-Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1\|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony\|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]
	In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.		In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation\|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony\|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony\|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor\|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.

ReformedMandalorian at 16:36, 24 November 2024

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ReformedMandalorian: /* Sources */

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Sources

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	Bucer received several offers of sanctuary, including Melanchthon's from Wittenberg and Calvin's from Geneva. He accepted Archbishop [[Thomas Cranmer]]'s invitation to come to England; from his correspondence with several notable Englishmen, he believed that the [[English Reformation]] had advanced with some success. On 25 April 1549 Bucer, Fagius, and others arrived in London, where Cranmer received them with full honours. A few days later, Bucer and Fagius were introduced to [[Edward VI of England\|Edward VI]] and his court. Bucer's wife Wibrandis and his stepdaughter Agnes Capito (daughter of [[Wolfgang Capito]]) joined him in September. The following year, Wibrandis arranged for the rest of her children and her elderly mother to come to England.		Bucer received several offers of sanctuary, including Melanchthon's from Wittenberg and Calvin's from Geneva. He accepted Archbishop [[Thomas Cranmer]]'s invitation to come to England; from his correspondence with several notable Englishmen, he believed that the [[English Reformation]] had advanced with some success. On 25 April 1549 Bucer, Fagius, and others arrived in London, where Cranmer received them with full honours. A few days later, Bucer and Fagius were introduced to [[Edward VI of England\|Edward VI]] and his court. Bucer's wife Wibrandis and his stepdaughter Agnes Capito (daughter of [[Wolfgang Capito]]) joined him in September. The following year, Wibrandis arranged for the rest of her children and her elderly mother to come to England.

	Bucer took the position of [[Regius Professor of Divinity]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. In June he entered a controversy when [[Pietro Martire Vermigli\|Peter Martyr Vermigli]], another refugee who had taken the equivalent Regius Professor position at [[University of Oxford\|Oxford University]], debated with Catholic colleagues over the issue of the Lord's Supper. Martyr asked Bucer for his support, but Bucer did not totally agree with Martyr's position and thought that exposure of differences would not assist the cause of reform. Unwilling to see the eucharist conflict repeat itself in England, he told Martyr he did not take sides, Catholic, Lutheran, or Zwinglian. He said, "We must aspire with the utmost zeal to edify as many people as we possibly can in faith and in the love of Christ—and to offend no one."~~{{Sfn \|Hall\| 1994\|p= 152}}{{Sfn \|Eells \| 1931 \|p = 403}}{{Sfn \| Greschat \|2004\|pp= 234–5}}~~		Bucer took the position of [[Regius Professor of Divinity]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. In June he entered a controversy when [[Pietro Martire Vermigli\|Peter Martyr Vermigli]], another refugee who had taken the equivalent Regius Professor position at [[University of Oxford\|Oxford University]], debated with Catholic colleagues over the issue of the Lord's Supper. Martyr asked Bucer for his support, but Bucer did not totally agree with Martyr's position and thought that exposure of differences would not assist the cause of reform. Unwilling to see the eucharist conflict repeat itself in England, he told Martyr he did not take sides, Catholic, Lutheran, or Zwinglian. He said, "We must aspire with the utmost zeal to edify as many people as we possibly can in faith and in the love of Christ—and to offend no one."

	In 1550, another conflict arose when [[John Hooper (bishop)\|John Hooper]], the new [[bishop of Gloucester]], refused to don the traditional vestments for his consecration. The [[vestments controversy]] pitted Cranmer, who supported the wearing of clerical garments, against Hooper, Martyr and [[Jan Laski]], the pastor of the [[Dutch Church, Austin Friars\|Stranger church]] in London. As it was known that Bucer had reformed the church services in Strasbourg to emulate the simplicity of the early church, Hooper expected Bucer's support. However, Bucer tried to stay out of the fray, arguing that there were more important issues to deal with—lack of pastors and pastoral care, the need for catechismal instruction, and the implementation of church discipline. Hooper refused to be swayed, and was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] until he accepted Cranmer's demand.		In 1550, another conflict arose when [[John Hooper (bishop)\|John Hooper]], the new [[bishop of Gloucester]], refused to don the traditional vestments for his consecration. The [[vestments controversy]] pitted Cranmer, who supported the wearing of clerical garments, against Hooper, Martyr and [[Jan Laski]], the pastor of the [[Dutch Church, Austin Friars\|Stranger church]] in London. As it was known that Bucer had reformed the church services in Strasbourg to emulate the simplicity of the early church, Hooper expected Bucer's support. However, Bucer tried to stay out of the fray, arguing that there were more important issues to deal with—lack of pastors and pastoral care, the need for catechismal instruction, and the implementation of church discipline. Hooper refused to be swayed, and was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] until he accepted Cranmer's demand.
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	# According to Eells, Bucer died on 1 March 1551, and he cites sources that support that date. However, he also notes that Beza and Edward VI mentioned the 28 February date.[133] Selderhuis 1999, p. 115 also says he died on 1 March.		# According to Eells, Bucer died on 1 March 1551, and he cites sources that support that date. However, he also notes that Beza and Edward VI mentioned the 28 February date.[133] Selderhuis 1999, p. 115 also says he died on 1 March.

	~~== Sources ==~~		== Further reading ==
	* TBD

	==Further reading==
	* Burnett, Amy Nelson (1994), The Yoke of Christ: Martin Bucer and Christian Discipline, Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, <nowiki>ISBN 0-940474-28-X</nowiki>.		* Burnett, Amy Nelson (1994), The Yoke of Christ: Martin Bucer and Christian Discipline, Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, <nowiki>ISBN 0-940474-28-X</nowiki>.
	* Pils, Holger; Ruderer, Stephan; Schaffrodt, Petra (2005), Martin Bucer (1491-1551). Bibliographie, Guetersloh: Guetersloher Verlagshaus, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-579-04893-2</nowiki>.		* Pils, Holger; Ruderer, Stephan; Schaffrodt, Petra (2005), Martin Bucer (1491-1551). Bibliographie, Guetersloh: Guetersloher Verlagshaus, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-579-04893-2</nowiki>.

ReformedMandalorian at 16:32, 24 November 2024

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 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084444/http://www.bucer-forschungsstelle.theologie.uni-erlangen.de/ Bucer Research Office in Erlangen]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917015512/http://www.bucer.de/ueberuns/werwirsind/00000093d5075a609/index.html Short biography of Martin Bucer]
+* [http://sites.google.com/site/bucerforfree/ Bucer For Free] (Links to the digitised versions of the early editions of Bucer's works)

ReformedMandalorian at 16:30, 24 November 2024

2024-11-24T16:30:25Z

Show changes