Martin Bucer: Difference between revisions

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==Historical context==

[[File:~~Saxony_and_cities_Bucer~~.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]

[[File:Saxony and cities Bucer.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]

In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.

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By 1515, Bucer was studying theology in the Dominican monastery in [[Heidelberg]]. The following year, he took a course in [[dogmatics]] in [[Mainz]], where he was ordained a priest, returning to Heidelberg in January 1517 to enroll in the [[Heidelberg University|university]]. Around this time, he became influenced by [[Renaissance humanism|humanism]], and he started buying books published by [[Johannes Froben]], some by the great humanist [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]]. A 1518 inventory of Bucer's books includes the major works of [[Thomas Aquinas]], leader of medieval [[scholasticism]] in the Dominican Order.

In April 1518, [[Johannes von Staupitz]], the vicar-general of the [[Augustinians]], invited the [[Wittenberg]] reformer [[Martin Luther]] to argue his theology at the [[Heidelberg Disputation]]. Here Bucer met Luther for the first time.~~{{Sfn |Eells|1931|p=4}}{{Sfn |Greschat|2004|pp=26–7}}~~ In a long letter to his mentor, [[Beatus Rhenanus]], Bucer recounted what he learned, and he commented on several of Luther's ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. He largely agreed with them and perceived the ideas of Luther and Erasmus to be in concordance. Because meeting Luther posed certain risks, he asked Rhenanus to ensure his letter did not fall into the wrong hands. He also wrote his will, which contains the inventory of his books. In early 1519, Bucer received the ''[[baccalaureus]]'' degree, and that summer he stated his theological views in a disputation before the faculty at Heidelberg, revealing his break with Aquinas and scholasticism.

In April 1518, [[Johannes von Staupitz]], the vicar-general of the [[Augustinians]], invited the [[Wittenberg]] reformer [[Martin Luther]] to argue his theology at the [[Heidelberg Disputation]]. Here Bucer met Luther for the first time. In a long letter to his mentor, [[Beatus Rhenanus]], Bucer recounted what he learned, and he commented on several of Luther's ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. He largely agreed with them and perceived the ideas of Luther and Erasmus to be in concordance. Because meeting Luther posed certain risks, he asked Rhenanus to ensure his letter did not fall into the wrong hands. He also wrote his will, which contains the inventory of his books. In early 1519, Bucer received the ''[[baccalaureus]]'' degree, and that summer he stated his theological views in a disputation before the faculty at Heidelberg, revealing his break with Aquinas and scholasticism.

[[File:Franz von Sickingen (16 Jh).jpg|thumb|[[Franz von Sickingen]] was the protector and defender of Martin Bucer during his early years.]]

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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917015512/http://www.bucer.de/ueberuns/werwirsind/00000093d5075a609/index.html Short biography of Martin Bucer]

* [http://sites.google.com/site/bucerforfree/ Bucer For Free] (Links to the digitized versions of the early editions of Bucer's works)

=References=

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ==Historical context==
-[[File:Saxony_and_cities_Bucer.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]
+[[File:Saxony and cities Bucer.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Map showing the two partitions that made up Saxony in green and pink. Saxony had long been divided into two principalities, one of which, with its capital at Wittenberg, was an [[Electoral Saxony|electorate]]. Charles V transferred the electorate and much of its territory to Albertine Saxony in 1547 after the defeat of the [[Schmalkaldic League]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony]]. Hesse was to the west of Saxony. Important cities that Bucer visited are shown in red.]]
 In the 16th century, the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was a centralized state in name only. The Empire was divided into many princely and city states that provided a powerful check on the rule of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. The division of power between the emperor and the various states made the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] in Germany possible, as individual states defended reformers within their territories. In the [[Electorate of Saxony]], [[Martin Luther]] was supported by the elector [[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony|Frederick III]] and his successors [[John, Elector of Saxony|John]] and [[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|John Frederick]]. [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]—whose lands lay midway between Saxony and the Rhine—also supported the Reformation, and he figured prominently in the lives of both Luther and Bucer. The Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] had to balance the demands of his imperial subjects. At the same time, he was often distracted by war with France and the [[Ottoman Empire]] and in Italy. The political rivalry among all the players greatly influenced the ecclesiastical developments within the Empire.
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 By 1515, Bucer was studying theology in the Dominican monastery in [[Heidelberg]]. The following year, he took a course in [[dogmatics]] in [[Mainz]], where he was ordained a priest, returning to Heidelberg in January 1517 to enroll in the [[Heidelberg University|university]]. Around this time, he became influenced by [[Renaissance humanism|humanism]], and he started buying books published by [[Johannes Froben]], some by the great humanist [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]]. A 1518 inventory of Bucer's books includes the major works of [[Thomas Aquinas]], leader of medieval [[scholasticism]] in the Dominican Order.
-In April 1518, [[Johannes von Staupitz]], the vicar-general of the [[Augustinians]], invited the [[Wittenberg]] reformer [[Martin Luther]] to argue his theology at the [[Heidelberg Disputation]]. Here Bucer met Luther for the first time.{{Sfn |Eells|1931|p=4}}{{Sfn |Greschat|2004|pp=26–7}} In a long letter to his mentor, [[Beatus Rhenanus]], Bucer recounted what he learned, and he commented on several of Luther's ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. He largely agreed with them and perceived the ideas of Luther and Erasmus to be in concordance. Because meeting Luther posed certain risks, he asked Rhenanus to ensure his letter did not fall into the wrong hands. He also wrote his will, which contains the inventory of his books. In early 1519, Bucer received the ''[[baccalaureus]]'' degree, and that summer he stated his theological views in a disputation before the faculty at Heidelberg, revealing his break with Aquinas and scholasticism.
+In April 1518, [[Johannes von Staupitz]], the vicar-general of the [[Augustinians]], invited the [[Wittenberg]] reformer [[Martin Luther]] to argue his theology at the [[Heidelberg Disputation]]. Here Bucer met Luther for the first time. In a long letter to his mentor, [[Beatus Rhenanus]], Bucer recounted what he learned, and he commented on several of Luther's ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]''. He largely agreed with them and perceived the ideas of Luther and Erasmus to be in concordance. Because meeting Luther posed certain risks, he asked Rhenanus to ensure his letter did not fall into the wrong hands. He also wrote his will, which contains the inventory of his books. In early 1519, Bucer received the ''[[baccalaureus]]'' degree, and that summer he stated his theological views in a disputation before the faculty at Heidelberg, revealing his break with Aquinas and scholasticism.
 [[File:Franz von Sickingen (16 Jh).jpg|thumb|[[Franz von Sickingen]] was the protector and defender of Martin Bucer during his early years.]]
@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917015512/http://www.bucer.de/ueberuns/werwirsind/00000093d5075a609/index.html Short biography of Martin Bucer]
 * [http://sites.google.com/site/bucerforfree/ Bucer For Free] (Links to the digitized versions of the early editions of Bucer's works)
+=References=