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| In [[Christianity]], the '''Logos''' ([[Greek (disambiguation)|Greek]]: Λόγος, <small>[[Literal translation|lit.]] </small>'word, discourse, or reason') is a name or title of [[Jesus Christ]], seen as the [[Pre-existence of Christ|pre-existent]] [[God the Son|second person]] of the [[Trinity]]. In the [[Douay–Rheims]], [[King James Version|King James]], [[New International Version|New International]], and other versions of the [[Bible]], the first verse of the [[Gospel of John]] reads:<blockquote>In these translations, ''Word'' is used for Λόγος, although the term is often used [[transliterated]] but untranslated in theological discourse.</blockquote>According to [[Irenaeus|Irenaeus of Lyon]] (c.130–202), a student of [[Polycarp]] (c. pre-69–156), [[John the Apostle]] wrote these words specifically to refute the teachings of [[Cerinthus]], who both resided and taught at [[Ephesus]], the city John settled in following his return from [[John of Patmos|exile on Patmos]]. While Cerinthus claimed that the world was made by "a certain Power far separated from ... Almighty God", John, according to Irenaeus, by means of , presented Almighty God as the Creator "by His Word." And while Cerinthus made a distinction between the man Jesus and "the Christ from above", who descended on the man Jesus at his [[baptism]], John, according to Irenaeus, presented the pre-existent ''Word'' and Jesus Christ as one and the same. | | In [[Christianity]], the '''Logos''' ([[Greek (disambiguation)|Greek]]: Λόγος, <small>[[Literal translation|lit.]] </small>'word, discourse, or reason') is a name or title of [[Jesus Christ]], seen as the [[Pre-existence of Christ|pre-existent]] [[God the Son|second person]] of the [[Trinity]]. In the [[Douay–Rheims]], [[King James Version|King James]], [[New International Version|New International]], and other versions of the [[Bible]], the first verse of the [[Gospel of John]] reads:<blockquote>In these translations, ''Word'' is used for Λόγος, although the term is often used [[transliterated]] but untranslated in theological discourse.</blockquote>According to [[Irenaeus|Irenaeus of Lyon]] (c.130–202), a student of [[Polycarp]] (c. pre-69–156), [[John the Apostle]] wrote these words specifically to refute the teachings of [[Cerinthus]], who both resided and taught at [[Ephesus]], the city John settled in following his return from [[John of Patmos|exile on Patmos]]. While Cerinthus claimed that the world was made by "a certain Power far separated from ... Almighty God", John, according to Irenaeus, by means of , presented Almighty God as the Creator "by His Word." And while Cerinthus made a distinction between the man Jesus and "the Christ from above", who descended on the man Jesus at his [[baptism]], John, according to Irenaeus, presented the pre-existent ''Word'' and Jesus Christ as one and the same. |
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| A figure in the [[Book of Revelation]] is called "The Word of God", being followed by "the armies which are in heaven" (). | | A figure in the [[Book of Revelation]] is called "The Word of God", being followed by "the armies which are in heaven" (Rev. 19:13-14). |
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| == See also == | | == See also == |
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| == Further reading == | | == Further reading == |
| {{Further reading cleanup|date=June 2022}}
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| * Borgen, Peder. ''Early Christianity and Hellenistic Judaism''. Edinburgh: T & T Clark Publishing. 1996.
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| * Brown, Raymond. ''An Introduction to the New Testament''. New York: Doubleday. 1997.
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| * Butler, Clark. ''G. W. F. Hegel''. Boston: Twayne Publishing. 1977.
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| * Dillion, J. M. "Plato/Platonism". in ''The Dictionary of the New Testament Background''. ed. by [[Craig A. Evans]] and Stanley E. Porter. (CD-ROM) Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 2000.
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| * ''Essays in Greco-Roman and Related Talmudic Literature''. ed. by Henry A. Fischel. New York: KTAV Publishing House. 1977.
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| * Ferguson, Everett. ''Backgrounds in Early Christianity''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 1993.
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| * Freund, Richard A. ''Secrets of the Cave of Letters''. Amherst, New York: Humanity Books. 2004.
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| * Greene, Colin J. D. ''Christology in Cultural Perspective: Marking Out the Horizons''. Grand Rapids: InterVarsity Press. Eerdmans Publishing. 2003.
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| * Hillar, Marian. ''Philo of Alexandria (20BCE – 50CE).'' in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. by [[James Fieser]] and Bradley Dowden. 2006. Available at [http://www.iep.edu/p/philo.htm iep.edu]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
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| * Hillar, Marian. ''From Logos to Trinity. The Evolution of Religious Beliefs from Pythagoras to Tertullian.'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
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| * Holt, Bradley P. ''Thirsty for God: A Brief History of Christian Spirituality''. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 2005.
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| * Josephus, Flavius. ''Complete Works''. trans. and ed. by William Whiston. Grand Rapids: Kregel Publishing. 1960.
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| * {{cite book|chapter=[[s:Half-Hours With The Saints and Servants of God/Part 1: 4. On the Word of God|4. On the Word of God]]|title=Half-Hours With The Saints and Servants of God|year=1882|publisher=Burns and Oats|first=Charles|last=Kenny}}
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| * Lebreton, J. (1910). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09328a.htm The Logos]. In ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved August 29, 2011 from New Advent.
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| * Letham, Robert. ''The Work of Christ''. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1993.
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| * [[Donald Macleod (theologian)|Macleod, Donald]]. ''The Person of Christ''. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1998.
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| * [[Alister McGrath|McGrath, Alister]]. ''Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1998.
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| * Moore, Edwin. "Neoplatonism". in The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ed. by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. 2006. Available at [http://www.iep.edu/n/neoplato.htm iep.edu]{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}
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| * [[Jacob Neusner|Neusner, Jacob]]. ''From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism''. Providence, RI: Brown University. 1973.
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| * Norris, Richard A. Jr. ''The Christological Controversy''. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1980.
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| * [[Gerald O'Collins|O'Collins, Gerald]]. ''[[Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus]]''. [[Oxford University Press]]. 2009.
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| * Pelikan, Jaroslav. ''Development of Christian Doctrine: Some Historical Prolegomena''. London: Yale University Press. 1969.
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| * _______ ''The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600)''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1971.
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| * Robertson, J. A. T. ''Redating the New Testament''. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 1985. | | * Robertson, J. A. T. ''Redating the New Testament''. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 1985. |
| * ''Sacred Realm: The Emergence of the Synagogue in the Ancient World''. Steven Fine, ed. New York: Oxford Press. 1996.
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| * [[Albert Schweitzer|Schweitzer, Albert]]. ''Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of the Progress from Reimarus to Wrede''. trans. by W. Montgomery. London: A & C Black. 1931.
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| * Turner, William. "Neo-Platonism". in New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. ed. by John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York, 2006. Available at http://newadvent.org./cathen/10742b.htm.
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| * Tyson, John R. ''Invitation to Christian Spirituality: An Ecumenical Anthology''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.
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| * Westerholm, S. "Pharisees". in The Dictionary of New Testament Background. ed. by [[Craig A. Evans]] and Stanley E. Porter. (CD-ROM) Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 2000.
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| * Wilson, R. Mcl. ''Gnosis and the New Testament''. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1968.
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| * Witherington, Ben III. ''The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth''. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1995.
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| * _______ "The Gospel of John". in ''The Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels''. ed. by Joel Greene, Scot McKnight and I. Howard.
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| * Marshall. (CD-ROM) Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. 1992.
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| * Yamauchi, Edwin. ''Pre-Christian Gnosticism: A Survey of the Proposed Evidence''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing. 1973.
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| == External links == | | == External links == |
| * [http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/L/logos.html Logos] at ''[[International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]]'' | | * [http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/L/logos.html Logos] at ''[[International Standard Bible Encyclopedia]]'' |