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{{Infobox theologian
| image              = R. C. Sproul (cropped).jpg
| birth_name        = Robert Charles Sproul
| birth_date        = February 13, 1939
| birth_place        = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| death_date        = December 14, 2017 (aged 68)
| death_place        = Altamonte Springs, Florida
| occupation        = Professor, author, pastor
| spouse            = Vesta Sproul (June 11, 1960}}
| children          = 2, including [[R. C. Sproul Jr.]]
| theology          = [[Reformed theology|Reformed]] ([[Presbyterianism]])
}}


'''Robert Charles Sproul''' ({{IPAc-en|s|p|r|oʊ|l}} {{Respell|SPROHL}}; February 13, 1939 – December 14, 2017) was an American [[Reformed theology|Reformed]] [[theologian]], [[Christian apologist]], and ordained pastor in the [[Presbyterian Church in America]]. He was the founder and chairman of [[Ligonier Ministries]],{{Efn|Ligonier Ministries is named for the Ligonier Valley just outside Pittsburgh, where the ministry started as a study center for college and seminary students, having been inspired by [[L'Abri]].}} and could be heard daily on the ''Renewing Your Mind'' radio broadcast in the United States and internationally. Under Sproul's direction, Ligonier Ministries produced the ''Ligonier Statement on [[Biblical Inerrancy]],'' which would eventually grow into the 1978 [[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]]. Along with [[Norman Geisler]], Sproul was one of the chief architects of the statement.<ref>{{Citation | last = Shellnutt | first = Kate | title =Died: R. C. Sproul, Reformed Theologian Who Founded Ligonier Ministries | journal = [[Christianity Today]] | date = December 14, 2017 | url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/december/died-r-c-sproul-reformed-theologian-ligonier-ministries-pca.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://renewingyourmind.org/stations|title=Stations - Renewing Your Mind|website=Renewing Your Mind|access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref> Sproul has been described as "the greatest and most influential proponent of the recovery of Reformed theology in the last century."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-rc-sproul-obituary-20171215-story.html|title=Prominent theologian R.C. Sproul of Sanford dies at 78|last=Comas|first=Martin E.|work=Orlando Sentinel|access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://albertmohler.com/2017/12/14/bright-burning-light-robert-charles-sproul-february-13-1939-december-14-2017/|title=A Bright and Burning Light: Robert Charles Sproul, February 13, 1939-December 14, 2017|website=albertmohler.com|date=December 14, 2017 |access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/obituaries/2017/12/16/Obituary-Rev-R-C-Sproul-Presbyterian-theologian-founded-Ligonier-Ministries/stories/201712150131|title=Obituary: Rev. R.C. Sproul, Presbyterian theologian, founded Ligonier Ministries|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref>
== Education and personal life ==
Sproul was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as the second child of Robert Cecil Sproul, an accountant and a veteran of [[World War II]] and his wife, Mayre Ann Sproul (née Yardis).<ref name="Legacy">{{Cite web|title=Robert "R.C." Sproul|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/orlandosentinel/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=187536237|website=Legacy.com|access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="TGC">{{Cite web|author1=Taylor, Justin|title=R.C. Sproul (1939–2017)|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/r-c-sproul-1939-2017/|website=The Gospel Coalition|date=December 14, 2017}}</ref> Sproul was an avid supporter of the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] and [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] as a youth, and at the age of 15, he had to drop out from high school athletics in order to support his family.<ref name="TGC"/> He obtained [[academic degree|degrees]] from [[Westminster College, Pennsylvania]] (BA, 1961), [[Pittsburgh Theological Seminary]] ([[MDiv]], 1964), the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] ([[doctorandus|Drs.]], 1969), and [[Whitefield Theological Seminary]] (PhD, 2001). He taught at numerous colleges and seminaries, including [[Reformed Theological Seminary]] in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] and in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], and [[Knox Theological Seminary]] in [[Ft. Lauderdale, Florida|Ft. Lauderdale]].<ref name="Sproulbio">{{Cite web |url= http://www.ligonier.org/about_founder.php |title= Dr. R.C. Sproul – The Founder and President of Ligonier Ministries. |access-date= July 30, 2008 |publisher= Ligonier Ministries |archive-date= September 15, 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080915074819/http://www.ligonier.org/about_founder.php |url-status= dead }}</ref>
One of Sproul's mentors was [[John Gerstner|John H. Gerstner]], being one of his professors at [[Pittsburgh Theological Seminary|Pittsburgh-Xenia Theological Seminary]]. The two of them, along with Arthur Lindsley, another of Gerstner's students, co-authored the book ''Classical Apologetics'' in 1984. Sproul's ministry, Ligonier Ministries, made recordings of Gerstner teaching various courses on theology and the Bible. [[John Frame (theologian)|John M. Frame]] records that Gerstner was Sproul's "main intellectual influence."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frame |first=John M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pefwrQEACAAJ |title=A History of Western Philosophy and Theology |publisher=[[P&R Publishing]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-62995-084-6 |location=Phillipsburg, NJ |pages=536–537 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721005156/https://books.google.com/books?id=pefwrQEACAAJ |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Sproul recalls encountering theological opposition inside a liberal environment{{Efn|With regard to theological liberalism, see the [[fundamentalist–modernist controversy]].}} during his early studies:
{{Blockquote
| text = When I was a seminary student{{Nbsp}}... I was selected to preach the senior sermon before the whole student body, the whole faculty, and also the presbytery who met there that day. And I preached that day on sin, and I made reference to some of the definitions of sin that we had learned at seminary: that sin, you know, was [[Existentialism#Authenticity|existential, inauthentic existence]], or sin was some kind of [[neurosis]]{{Nbsp}}... And I said, you know, we may be neurotic, and we may be doing everything that we know how to destroy what authenticity of existence we may have, but{{Nbsp}}... the meaning of sin, as [Scripture and] our own confession says,{{Efn|That is, referring to the [[Westminster Shorter Catechism]].}} is that it's "any want of conformity to, or transgression of, the law of God."<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2009 |editor=[[Westminster Assembly|Westminster Divines]] |title=The Westminster Shorter Catechism |url=https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/westminster-shorter-catechism |access-date=October 17, 2024 |website=Ligonier Ministries |at=Q. 14}}</ref>{{Nbsp}}... Well, the student body that was largely liberal{{Nbsp}}... congratulated me, and they were very positive. I go make my way to the back of the church, and the dean of the institution comes up to me, and he's irate. [He physically threw me up against a wall and accused me of distorting the Bible.]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMT9SAAACAAJ |title=What Is Faith? |publisher=Reformation Trust |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-56769-207-5 |location=Grand Rapids, MI |page=39 |language=en}}</ref>{{Nbsp}}... So I went straight upstairs to Dr. Gerstner's office, who was my mentor, and I said, Dr. Gerstner, did I distort the truth of God? [I was so upset, I was shaking.]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMT9SAAACAAJ |title=What Is Faith? |publisher=Reformation Trust |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-56769-207-5 |location=Grand Rapids, MI |page=40 |language=en}}</ref> And he looked at me, and he said,{{Nbsp}}... "Every Christian in heaven from [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] to [[B. B. Warfield]] is rejoicing at the sermon that you preached in this house today."{{Nbsp}}... I was so relieved to hear his evaluation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |date=June 14, 2021 |title=The Parable of the Unjust Judge |url=https://renewingyourmind.org/2021/06/14/the-parable-of-the-unjust-judge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109055533/https://renewingyourmind.org/2021/06/14/the-parable-of-the-unjust-judge |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=Renewing Your Mind}}</ref>
}}
Gerstner convinced Sproul to study under [[G. C. Berkouwer]] at the [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] (Free University of Amsterdam) in Holland, where he initiated study in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Justin |date=December 14, 2017 |title=R. C. Sproul (1939–2017) |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/r-c-sproul-1939-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721012020/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/justin-taylor/r-c-sproul-1939-2017/ |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=The Gospel Coalition}}</ref> Sproul was granted leave in 1965 due to his wife's second pregnancy and mother's illness (during which he was appointed to teach philosophy at [[Westminster College (Pennsylvania)|Westminster College]]), and later resumed study at distance. He returned to Holland in 1969 to receive a [[doctorandus]] degree.
He married Vesta Voorhis in 1960 and had two children, Sherrie Dorotiak and Robert Craig Sproul.<ref name="Legacy" />
Sproul was a passenger on the [[Amtrak]] train that derailed in the [[1993 Big Bayou Canot train wreck]], and sometimes gave firsthand accounts of the story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/train-wreck|title=Train Wreck|website=Ligonier Ministries|access-date=September 26, 2024}}</ref>
== Career ==
[[File:ICBI Bright, Boice, and Sproul.jpg|thumb|Working alongside figures such as [[Bill Bright]] and [[James Montgomery Boice|Jim Boice]], Sproul served as president of the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy (ICBI) from 1977 till 1979.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nichols |first=Stephen J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnCTzQEACAAJ |title=R. C. Sproul: A Life |publisher=[[Crossway]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-4335-4477-4 |location=Wheaton, IL |pages=124, 133 |language=en |access-date=January 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111033649/https://books.google.com/books?id=FnCTzQEACAAJ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Ligonier Ministries hosts several theological conferences each year, including the main conference in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando, FL]], at which Sproul was one of the primary speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ligonier.org/conferences.php|title=Conferences|publisher=Ligonier Ministries|access-date=July 30, 2008|archive-date=September 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915130051/http://www.ligonier.org/conferences.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sproul served as co-pastor at Saint Andrew's Chapel, a congregation in [[Sanford, Florida]].<ref name="Sproulbio" /><ref name="SaintAndrews">{{Cite web|url= http://www.saintandrewschapel.org/staff/rcsproul.php|title= Dr. R.C. Sproul|access-date= July 30, 2008|publisher= Saint Andrew's Chapel|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100317/http://www.saintandrewschapel.org/staff/rcsproul.php|archive-date= June 25, 2008|df= mdy-all}}</ref> He was ordained as an [[elder (religious)|elder]] in the [[United Presbyterian Church in the USA]] in 1965, but left that denomination around 1975 and joined the [[Presbyterian Church in America]]. He was also a Council member of the [[Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals]]. Being a staunch critic of the Catholic Church and [[Catholic theology]], Sproul denounced the 1994 [[ecumenism|ecumenical]] document ''[[Evangelicals and Catholics Together]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Books: Betraying the Reformation? |date=October 7, 1996 |newspaper=Christianity today |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1996/october7/6tb054.html}}</ref>''
Sproul was an advocate of [[Calvinism]] in his many print, audio, and video publications, and advocated the [[Thomism|Thomistic]] (classical) approaches to [[Christian apologetics]], less common among Reformed apologists, most of whom prefer [[presuppositional apologetics|presuppositionalism]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} A dominant theme in his ''Renewing Your Mind'' lessons is the [[Sacred|holiness]] and [[sovereignty]] of God. Sproul taught that [[Christian head covering|headcovering]] should be practiced in churches as the ordinance is "rooted and grounded in creation".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sproul |first1=R.C. |title=Do Paul's instructions about head coverings apply today, since he appeals to creation, not culture? |url=https://www.ligonier.org/learn/qas/do-pauls-instructions-about-head-coverings-apply-today-since-he-appeals-to-creation-not-culture |publisher=[[Ligonier Ministries]] |access-date=30 May 2022 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Barth2019">{{cite web |last1=Barth |first1=Paul J. |title=Head Coverings in Worship? |url=https://purelypresbyterian.com/2019/07/15/head-coverings-in-worship/ |publisher=Purely Presbyterian |access-date=10 April 2022 |language=English |date=15 July 2019 |quote=R.C. Sproul writes, “The wearing of fabric head coverings in worship was universally the practice of Christian women until the twentieth century.” Incidentally, I remember talking with my mother some years back, and she told me that when she went to church as a little girl, she and her sister wore hats to church. And she was not Presbyterian – that was the case across all American Christianity. “What happened?” Sproul asks, “Did we suddenly find some biblical truth to which the saints for thousands of years were blind? Or were our biblical views of women gradually eroded by the modern feminist movement that has infiltrated the Church of Jesus Christ which is ‘the pillar and ground of the truth’ (1 Tim. 3:15)?”}}</ref>
Sproul was a critic of [[postmodern philosophy]]. Having examined the effects of [[relativism]] on Western society, Sproul considered the 21st century to be "the most narcissistic generation in the history of the human race."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |date=April 3, 2010 |title=How Does Today's Postmodernism Affect the Popular Understanding of the Atonement? |url=https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/how-does-todays-postmodernism-affect-popular-understanding-atonement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512072735/https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/how-does-todays-postmodernism-affect-popular-understanding-atonement |archive-date=May 12, 2024 |access-date=May 12, 2024 |website=Ligonier Ministries}}</ref>
In 1996, Sproul gave a lecture on [[irresistible grace]], titled ''Divine Sovereignty and Man’s Helplessness''. During a Q & A session, he misattributed to [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]] an analogy regarding the "holy rape of the soul," claiming that "some people are violently offended by that language—I think it's the most graphic and descriptive term I can think of, to how I was redeemed," taking into consideration theological themes surrounding [[total depravity]] and being in a state of spiritual death prior to conversion.{{Efn|A recording of the lecture was released by Ligonier Ministries on cassette tape. On total depravity and spiritual death, see {{Bibleref|Romans|2:14–16|ESV}}, {{Bibleref|Romans|3:9–20|ESV}}, and {{Bibleref|Ephesians|2:1–10|ESV}}.}} With regard to the terminology "rape", a key topic in debate between [[Arminianism|Arminian]] and Reformed theologians is the [[Hermeneutics|hermeneutic]] employed to understand the meaning and strength of the verb "draws" (Greek ''helkysē'') in John 6:44, where Jesus states, "No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him. And I will raise him up on the last day."<ref>{{Bibleref|John|6:44|ESV}} ESV</ref> Sproul first uses the analogy in his 1984 novel ''Johnny Come Home'',{{Efn|This was later republished in 1988 as ''Thy Brother's Keeper''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1kYa2PyPy4C |title=Thy Brother's Keeper: A Novel |publisher=Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc. |year=1988 |isbn=978-0943497372 |location=Brentwood, TN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714104452/https://books.google.com/books?id=x1kYa2PyPy4C |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} where Scooter, the main character, designed to be a "composite of [[Coalition for Christian Outreach|John Guest]], [[James Montgomery Boice|Jim Boice]], and [himself],"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nichols |first=Stephen J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnCTzQEACAAJ |title=R. C. Sproul: A Life |publisher=[[Crossway]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-4335-4477-4 |location=Wheaton, IL |pages=144 |language=en |access-date=July 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111033649/https://books.google.com/books?id=FnCTzQEACAAJ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> converts to Christianity in "a docile submission to the holy rape of the soul."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYtbyqFcBFYC |title=Johnny Come Home: A Novel |publisher=Regal Books |year=1984 |isbn=978-0830709373 |pages=71 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714102221/https://books.google.com/books?id=GYtbyqFcBFYC |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|This description was criticised in the foreword to ''Grace for All: The Arminian Dynamics of Salvation'', edited by [[Clark H. Pinnock]] and John D. Wagner.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXLDCAAAQBAJ |title=Grace for All: The Arminian Dynamics of Salvation |publisher=Resource Publications |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4982-0012-7 |editor-last=Pinnock |editor-first=Clark H. |location=Eugene, OR |pages=20 |language=en |editor-last2=Wagner |editor-first2=John D. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714054620/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXLDCAAAQBAJ |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Sproul also uses the analogy in his 1989 teaching series ''A Shattered Image'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nichols |first=Stephen J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnCTzQEACAAJ |title=R. C. Sproul: A Life |publisher=[[Crossway]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-4335-4477-4 |location=Wheaton, IL |pages=352 |language=en |access-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111033649/https://books.google.com/books?id=FnCTzQEACAAJ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> where discussing the [[Pelagianism#Pelagian controversy|Pelagian controversy]], Sproul states that "the only way you will ever choose Christ is if God melts your heart, if God softens that stone cold recalcitrant heart, if God the Holy Spirit rapes your soul and puts in you a desire for Christ."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |title=The Extent of Our Sin |url=https://www.ligonier.org/learn/series/shattered-image/the-extent-of-our-sin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714084613/https://www.ligonier.org/learn/series/shattered-image/the-extent-of-our-sin |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024 |website=Ligonier Ministries}}</ref> By 2002, Sproul had abandoned the analogy for a revised perspective:
{{Blockquote
| text = The person that God, the Holy Spirit, draws to Jesus comes to Jesus, not because he's raped, not because he's coerced, not because he's dragged, kicking and screaming against his will, but because God, the Holy Spirit, in that act of effectual drawing, changes the heart of the person. Where that person previously was blind to the things of God, now the scales of the eyes have been removed, and that which was unpleasant to the soul now is shown to be sweet, attractive, and something that is altogether desirable. So the heavenly drawing of God is one by which God changes the attitude or the inner disposition of the soul of the person so that when the Father draws them to His Son, they come to His Son.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |title=The Bread of Life |url=https://www.ligonier.org/learn/series/knowing-christ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714081541/https://www.ligonier.org/learn/series/knowing-christ/the-bread-of-life |archive-date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024 |website=Ligonier Ministries}}</ref>
}}
In 2003, a ''[[Festschrift]]'' was published in his honor. ''After Darkness, Light: Essays in Honor of R. C. Sproul'' ({{ISBN|0875527043}}) included contributions from [[W. Robert Godfrey|Robert Godfrey]], [[Sinclair Ferguson]], [[O. Palmer Robertson]], [[Michael Horton (theologian)|Michael Horton]], [[Douglas Wilson (theologian)|Douglas Wilson]], [[John F. MacArthur]], and [[Jay E. Adams]].
At the 2008 [[Together for the Gospel]] biennial conference, Sproul gave a sermon titled ''The Curse Motif of the Atonement''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |title=R.C. Sproul: The Curse Motif of the Atonement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lgwpd0SKpmc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716083729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lgwpd0SKpmc |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=[[YouTube]]|date=May 13, 2015 }}</ref> The sermon details the theological significance of the crucifixion of Jesus from an [[Expository preaching|expository]] perspective. The sermon contains some content originally presented in his 1995 teaching series ''The Atonement of Jesus''. [[Tim Challies]], who attended the conference, recounts that "there is no doubt this was one of the most earnest, one of the most solemn sermons ever heard by that audience. I was there that day, I can tell you, there was a holy hush over that room as we were all forced to consider the sheer horror of what Jesus Christ endured on our behalf."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Challies |first=Tim |date=May 22, 2018 |title=How R.C. Sproul Blessed the Church by Preaching the Curse |url=https://www.challies.com/vlog/how-r-c-sproul-blessed-the-church-by-preaching-the-curse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716085030/https://www.challies.com/vlog/how-r-c-sproul-blessed-the-church-by-preaching-the-curse/ |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=Tim Challies}}</ref> [[Kevin DeYoung]] praised it as "one of the best sermons I’ve ever heard."<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeYoung |first=Kevin |date=December 14, 2017 |title=R. C. Sproul on the Curse Motif of the Atonement |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/kevin-deyoung/one-best-sermons-ive-ever-heard/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716083629/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/kevin-deyoung/one-best-sermons-ive-ever-heard/ |archive-date=July 16, 2024 |access-date=July 16, 2024 |website=[[The Gospel Coalition]]}}</ref>
== Health and death ==
On April 18, 2015, Sproul suffered a [[stroke]] and was admitted to a hospital.<ref name="stroke">{{Cite press release |url=http://www.ligonier.org/blog/google-hangout-macarthur-sproul-april-22/ |title=Postponed: A Google Hangout with John MacArthur and R.C. Sproul |publisher=Ligonier Ministries |date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> Five days later, on April 23, Sproul went home from the hospital, suffering no ill effects. He was, however, diagnosed with a [[diabetes|diabetic]] condition "that [would] be addressed through diet and regular medical attention."<ref name="stroke"/>
Sproul had long suffered from [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]],{{citation needed|date = March 2022}} and was hospitalized on December 2, 2017, because of difficulty breathing, the result of an apparent infection, an “exacerbation of his emphysema due to the [[influenza|flu]]” (“not pneumonia”).<ref name="health">{{Cite press release|url=https://www.ligonier.org/blog/update-dr-sprouls-health/ |title=An Update on Dr. Sproul's Health |publisher=Ligonier Ministries |date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=December 14, 2017}}</ref>{{better source needed|date = March 2022}} After a twelve-day period of intermittent fever, and sedation and ventilator-assisted breathing, with effort given to restore his respiratory function, Sproul died on December 14, 2017 (at age 78).<ref name="health"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligonier.org/blog/rc-sproul-called-home-lord/|title=Dr. R.C. Sproul, Called Home to the Lord|website=Ligonier Ministries|access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/rc-sproul-dies-at-78-210167/|title=RC Sproul Dies at 78|website=The Christian Post|date=December 14, 2017 |access-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref>
== Publications ==
Some of Sproul's best-known books are ''The Holiness of God, Essential Truths of the Christian Faith,'' and ''What Is Reformed Theology?'' He is also well known for ''Chosen by God'', a book about predestination and the sovereignty of God.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2017/december/celebrating-rc-sproul.html|title=A Letter to the Church from R.C. Sproul (1939-2017), His Theology, and His Work in the Gospel|work=The Exchange {{!}} A Blog by Ed Stetzer|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref>
Through [[Ligonier Ministries]] and the ''Renewing Your Mind'' radio program and conferences, Sproul generated numerous audio and video lectures on the subjects of [[history of philosophy]], theology, Bible study, [[apologetics]], [[intelligent design]], and Christian living. In addition, Sproul wrote more than 100 books and many articles for [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligonier.org/about/rc-sproul/rcs-book-release-timeline/|title=R.C. Sproul's Book Release Schedule|website=Ligonier Ministries|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref> He signed the 1978 ''[[Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy]]'', which affirmed the traditional view of [[Biblical inerrancy]], and he wrote a commentary on that document titled ''Explaining Inerrancy''. He also served as the general editor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reformationstudybible.com/|title=The Reformation Study Bible edited by R.C. Sproul|website=The Reformation Study Bible|access-date=December 15, 2017}}</ref> of the ''[[Reformation Study Bible]]'' ({{ISBN|0-87552-643-8}}), which has appeared in several editions and was also known as the ''New Geneva Study Bible.'' In addition, Sproul was executive editor of ''Tabletalk'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligonier.org/about/rc-sproul/|title=R.C. Sproul, Founder {{!}} Ligonier Ministries|website=Ligonier Ministries|access-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref>
=== Published books ===
* ''Moses and the Burning Bush'' (2018) {{ISBN|978-1567698633}}
* ''The Legacy of Luther'' (2016) with Stephen J. Nichols and others {{ISBN|978-1567697100}}
* ''The Knight's Map'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-1642890587}}
* ''Everyone's a Theologian: An Introduction to Systematic Theology'' (2014) {{ISBN|978-1567693652}}
* ''The Promises of God'' (2013) {{ISBN|978-1434704238}}
* ''God's Love: How the Infinite God Cares for His Children'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-1434704221}}
* ''Are We Together: A Protestant Analyzes Roman Catholicism'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-1567692822}}
* ''The Work of Christ: What the Events of Jesus Life Mean for You'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-0781407267}}
* ''The Donkey Who Carried a King'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-1567692693}}
* ''The Barber Who Wanted to Pray'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-1433527036}}
* ''Unseen Realities: Heaven, Hell, Angels, and Demons'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-1845506827}}
* ''The Prayer of the Lord'' (2009) {{ISBN|9781567691184}}
* ''The Prince's Poison Cup'' (2008) {{ISBN|9781567691047}}
* ''The Truth of the Cross'' (2007) {{ISBN|9781567690873}}
* ''Truths We Confess: A Layman's Guide to the Westminster Confession of Faith Volume 3: The State, The Family, The Church, and Last Things'' (2007) {{ISBN|978-1596380417}}
* ''Truths We Confess: A Layman's Guide to the Westminster Confession of Faith Volume 2: Salvation and the Christian Life'' (2007) {{ISBN|9781596380400}}
* ''Truths We Confess: A Layman's Guide to the Westminster Confession of Faith Volume 1: The Triune God'' (2006) {{ISBN|9781596380394}}
* ''The Lightlings'' (2006) {{ISBN|9781567690781}}
* ''How Then Shall We Worship?'' (2006 as ''A Taste of Heaven''; revised 2006) {{ISBN|978-1434704245}}
* ''Running the Race: A Graduate's Guide to Life'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-0801012563}}
* ''Defending Your Faith'' (2003) {{ISBN|9781433563782}}
* ''The Dark Side of Islam'' (2003) with Abdul Saleeb {{ISBN|978-1581344417}}
* ''Five Things Every Christian Needs to Grow'' (2002) {{ISBN|9781567691030}}
* ''Saved from What?'' (2002) {{ISBN|978-1433513428}}
* ''When Worlds Collide: Where is God?'' (2002) {{ISBN|978-1581344424}}
* ''What's in the Bible?'' (2001) {{ISBN|9781418545987}}
* ''Loved By God'' (2001) {{ISBN|978-0849916489}}
* ''The Consequences of Ideas'' (2000) {{ISBN|9781433563775}}
* ''In the Presence of God'' (1999) {{ISBN|9780849916243}}
* ''Getting the Gospel Right: The Tie That Binds Evangelicals Together'' (1999) {{ISBN|9780801011887}}
* ''A Walk with God: Luke'' (1999) {{ISBN|9781845507312}}
* ''The Last Days According to Jesus'' (1998) {{ISBN|9780801018589}}
* ''What is Reformed Theology'' (1997 as ''Grace Unknown''; revised 2005) {{ISBN|9780801018466}}
* ''Willing to Believe: Understanding the Role of Human Will in Salvation'' (1997) {{ISBN|9780801075834}}
* ''The Priest with Dirty Clothes'' (1997; revised 2011) {{ISBN|9781567692105}}
* ''Now, That's a Good Question!'' (1996) {{ISBN|9780842347112}}
* ''The Invisible Hand'' (1996, revised 2003) {{ISBN|9780875527093}}
* ''Choosing My Religion'' (1996) {{ISBN|9780875526096}}
* ''Ultimate Issues'' (1996) {{ISBN|9780875526256}}
* ''Before the Face of God Volume 4: A Daily Guide for Living from Ephesians, Hebrews, and James'' (1996) {{ISBN|978-0801011023}}
* ''[[Reformation Study Bible]]'' (1995 as ''New Geneva Study Bible''; revised 1998, 2005, 2015) served as General Editor {{ISBN|978-1567695014}}
* ''The Unexpected Jesus'' (1995 as ''The Mighty Christ''; revised 2005) {{ISBN|9781845500375}}
* ''Faith Alone'' (1995; revised 2016) {{ISBN|9780801019494}}
* ''The Purpose of God: An Exposition of Ephesians'' (1994; revised 2006) {{ISBN|9781845506384}}
* ''Not a Chance: God, Science, and the Revolt against Reason'' (1994; revised 2014) with [[Keith Mathison]] {{ISBN|9780801016219}}
* ''Before the Face of God Volume 3: A Daily Guide for Living from the Old Testament'' (1994) {{ISBN|978-0801083785}}
* ''The Gospel of God: An Exposition of Romans'' (1994 revised 1999) {{ISBN|978-1845506377}}
* ''Before the Face of God Volume 2: A Daily Guide for Living from the Gospel of Luke'' (1993) {{ISBN|978-0801083587}}
* ''Doubt and Assurance'' (1993) {{ISBN|978-0801083525}}
* ''The Soul's Quest for God: Satisfying the Hunger for Spiritual Communion With God'' (1993; revised 2003) {{ISBN|978-0875527062}}
* ''Before the Face of God Volume 1: A Daily Guide for Living from the Book of Romans'' (1992) {{ISBN|978-0801083402}}
* ''Essential Truths of Christian Faith'' (1992) {{ISBN|978-0842320016}}
* ''Following Christ'' (1991) {{ISBN|978-0842359375}} combination of previously published booklets titled: ''Who Is Jesus?'' (1983), ''Ethics and the Christian'' (1983), ''God's Will and the Christian'' (1984), and ''Effective Prayer'' (1984).
* ''The Mystery of the Holy Spirit'' (1990; revised 2009) {{ISBN|978-1845504816}}
* ''Abortion--A Rational Look at an Emotional Issue'' (1990; revised 2010) {{ISBN|978-1567692099}}
* ''The Glory of Christ'' (1990; revised 2003) {{ISBN|978-1857924749}}
* ''Surprised by Suffering'' (1989; revised 2009) {{ISBN|9781567691849}}
* ''Pleasing God'' (1988; revised 2012) {{ISBN|978-0781407281}}
* ''Discovering God Who Is'' (1987 as ''One Holy Passion''; revised 1995 and 2003 as ''The Character of God'' and 2008 as ''Discovering God Who Is'') {{ISBN|978-0801018299}}
* ''Lifeviews: Make a Christian Impact on Culture and Society'' (1986) {{ISBN|978-0800753573}}
* ''Chosen by God'' (1986) {{ISBN|978-0842313353}}
* ''The Holiness of God'' (1985; revised 1998) {{ISBN|978-0842339650}}
* ''Classical Apologetics'' (1984) with [[John Gerstner]] and Arthur Lindsley {{ISBN|9780310449515}}
* ''Johnny Come Home'' (1984) {{ISBN|978-0830709373}}
* ''The Hunger for Significance'' (1983 as ''In Search of Dignity''; revised 1991 and 2001) {{ISBN|978-0875527017}}
* ''Stronger Than Steel: The Wayne Alderson Story'' (1980) {{ISBN|978-0060675028}}
* ''Reason to Believe'' (1978 and 1982 as ''Objections Answered''; revised 2016) {{ISBN|978-0310449119}}
* ''Knowing Scripture'' (1978; revised 2016) {{ISBN|978-0830844685}}
* ''Soli Deo Gloria'' (1976) General Editor
* ''God's Inerrant Word: An International Symposium on the Trustworthiness of Scripture'' (1974) Contributor
* ''The Intimate Marriage (1975 as ''Discovering the Intimate Marriage''; revised 1986 and 2003) {{ISBN|978-0875527086}}
* ''If There's a God, Why Are There Atheists?'' (1974 as ''The Psychology of Atheism''; revised 1988, 1997, and 2018) {{ISBN|978-1527101050}}
* ''What We Believe: Understanding and Confessing the Apostle's Creed'' (1973 as ''The Symbol: An Exposition of the Apostle's Creed''; revised 1982 as ''Basic Training'', 1998 as ''Renewing Your Mind'', and 2015 as ''What We Believe'') {{ISBN|978-0801018473}}
=== ''Crucial Questions'' series ===
* ''How Can I Be Right with God?'' (2017) {{ISBN|978-1642890617}}
* ''What Can We Know About God?'' (2017) {{ISBN|978-1642890624}}
* ''What Do Jesus' Parables Mean?'' (2017) {{ISBN|978-1642890631}}
* ''Are People Basically Good?'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-1642890600}}
* ''How Can I Be Blessed?'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-1642890594}}
* ''How Should I Think About Money?'' (2016) {{ISBN|978-1642890587}}
* ''Can I Lose My Salvation?'' (2015) {{ISBN|978-1642890570}}
* ''What is the Great Commission'' (2015) {{ISBN|978-1642890563}}
* ''Are These the Last Days?'' (2014) {{ISBN|978-1642890556}}
* ''What Is Repentance?'' (2014) {{ISBN|978-1642890532}}
* ''What Is the Relationship Between Church and State'' (2014) {{ISBN|978-1642890549}}
* ''How Can I Develop a Christian Conscience?'' (2013) {{ISBN|978-1642890501}}
* ''What Is the Lord's Supper?'' (2013) {{ISBN|978-1642890518}}
* ''What Is the Church?'' (2013) {{ISBN|978-1642890525}}
* ''Does God Control Everything?'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-1642890495}}
* ''Who is the Holy Spirit?'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-1642890488}}
* ''Can I Have Joy in My Life?'' (2012) {{ISBN|978-1642890471}}
* ''What Can I Do with My Guilt?'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-1642890440}}
* ''What Is the Trinity?'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-1642890457}}
* ''What Is Baptism?'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-1642890464}}
* ''What Is Faith?'' (2010) {{ISBN|978-1642890433}}
* ''What Does it Mean to Be Born Again?'' (2010) {{ISBN|978-1642890419}}
* ''Can I Be Sure I'm Saved?'' (2010) {{ISBN|978-1642890426}}
* ''Does Prayer Change Things?'' (1984 as ''Effective Prayer''; revised 2009) {{ISBN|978-1642890389}}
* ''Can I Know God's Will?'' (1984 as ''God's Will and the Christian''; revised 2009) {{ISBN|978-1642890396}}
* ''How Should I Live in This World?'' (1983 as ''Ethics and the Christian''; revised 2009) {{ISBN|978-1642890402}}
* ''Can I Trust the Bible?'' (1980 and 1996 as ''Explaining Inerrancy: A Commentary''; revised 2009) {{ISBN|978-1642890372}}
* ''Who Is Jesus?'' (1983; revised 2009) {{ISBN|978-1642890365}}
=== ''St. Andrew's Expositional Commentary'' series ===
* ''Matthew'' (2013) {{ISBN|978-1433531750}}
* ''1-2 Peter'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-1433522895}}
* ''Mark'' (2011) {{ISBN|978-1567692655}}
* ''Acts'' (2010) {{ISBN|978-1433522734}}
* ''Romans'' (2009) {{ISBN|978-1433506857}}
* ''John'' (2009) {{ISBN|978-1567691856}}
== Notes ==
* TBD
== External links ==
* [https://www.ligonier.org Official Ligonier Ministries website]
* [http://www.renewingyourmind.org Renewing Your Mind Broadcast]
* [http://www.tabletalkmagazine.com Tabletalk Magazine]
* [http://www.reformationtrust.com Reformation Trust Publishing]
* [http://www.reformationbiblecollege.org Reformation Bible College]
* [http://www.sachapel.com Saint Andrew's Chapel]
* [http://www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/bio/rcsproul.html Monergism – R. C. Sproul biography]
* [https://www.amazon.com/R-C-Sproul-Stephen-Nichols/dp/1433544776 Stephen J. Nichols - R. C. Sproul: A Life]
== References ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sproul, Robert Charles}}
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