Against the Epistle of Manichaeus Called Fundamental
Against the Epistle of Manichaeus Called Fundamental is a theological treatise written by Augustine of Hippo as a critical refutation of the doctrines propagated by the Manichean religion, particularly as articulated in the epistle attributed to its founder, Manichaeus (or Mani). Augustine wrote this work after his conversion to Christianity, drawing on his personal experience as a former adherent of Manicheaism and his eventual rejection of its teachings.
The treatise systematically challenges the dualistic worldview of Manicheaism, which divides reality into opposing forces of light and darkness. Augustine defends the Christian view of creation, asserting that all things, including the material world, are inherently good because they come from God. He also questions the legitimacy of Mani Hayya’s authority, contrasting it with the Church’s historical and theological foundations, including apostolic succession and universality.
In addition to critiquing the theological errors of Manichaeism, Augustine addresses its reliance on speculative myths and complex allegories, arguing that they obscure the truth rather than reveal it. He highlights the clarity and accessibility of Christian doctrine, rooted in scripture and the teaching of the Church, as superior to the esoteric nature of Manichaean teachings.
Augustine emphasizes that the search for truth requires humility and patience, recounting his own journey from error to faith. He advocates for addressing heresy with gentleness and correction rather than hostility or punishment, believing that many heretics are led astray by ignorance rather than malice. His approach reflects a broader commitment to dialogue and reconciliation.
The treatise was written during Augustine’s early years as a Christian bishop, likely between 397 and 400 CE. By this time, Augustine had fully embraced orthodox Christianity and was deeply committed to combating heretical movements threatening the Church. His intimate knowledge of Manichaean beliefs, gained from nearly a decade as an adherent, lent him a unique perspective and authority in addressing their errors. This period of Augustine’s life was marked by prolific theological output, including works aimed at defending the orthodox faith against various heresies.
