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Proto-Protestantism: Difference between revisions
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* [[Ælfric of Eynsham]]: Protestants have appealed to Ælfric of Eynsham as evidence for the English church not believing transubstantiation, because of his book: ''Sermo de sacrificio in die pascae'' where he defines the Eucharist. | * [[Ælfric of Eynsham]]: Protestants have appealed to Ælfric of Eynsham as evidence for the English church not believing transubstantiation, because of his book: ''Sermo de sacrificio in die pascae'' where he defines the Eucharist. | ||
* [[Berengar of Tours]]: Berengar of Tours (c.1005-1088), was a forerunner of the reformation. Berengar of Tours argued against [[transubstantiation]], saying that it is against logic and the Bible, and taught that the body and blood were not "[[Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist|real]]" in the [[Eucharist]]. | * [[Berengar of Tours]]: Berengar of Tours (c.1005-1088), was a forerunner of the reformation. Berengar of Tours argued against [[transubstantiation]], saying that it is against logic and the Bible, and taught that the body and blood were not "[[Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist|real]]" in the [[Eucharist]]. | ||
* [[Catharism|Albigenses]]: the Albigenses were a religious group, that first appeared in Western Europe around the first half of the 11th century, and were earlier called Cathars. | * [[Catharism|Albigenses]]: the Albigenses were a religious group, that first appeared in Western Europe around the first half of the 11th century, and were earlier called Cathars. The Cathars denied the Incarnation, Resurrection, Trinity and held to [[Dualism in cosmology|dualist]] ideas. The inclusion of the Cathars or Albigenses as a Protestant forerunner has been a matter of controversy, some people in the past attempting to justify the Albigensians as Protestants have even argued against them being dualist, however without much evidence. There is a degree of confusion about the Albigensians, as they are sometimes lumped with their contemporaries the Waldensians, an unrelated movement. Further, centuries later, "Albigensian" was used as a slur for the unrelated [[Huguenots]]. | ||
* [[Bosnian Church]]: Also called ''Krstjani,'' they denied the power of the Pope and were excommunicated by both the eastern and western churches. Some have claimed that the Bosnian church is an early pre-reformist church. | * [[Bosnian Church]]: Also called ''Krstjani,'' they denied the power of the Pope and were excommunicated by both the eastern and western churches. Some have claimed that the Bosnian church is an early pre-reformist church. | ||
* [[Pataria]]: The Pataria were an 11th-century group in northern Italy, that was against corruption in the church. | * [[Pataria]]: The Pataria were an 11th-century group in northern Italy, that was against corruption in the church. | ||
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* [[Fraticelli]]: the Fraticelli or Spiritual Franciscans were an extreme group of the [[Franciscans]] in the 13th century. The Fraticelli influenced later Protestant [[Mysticism|mystics]]. | * [[Fraticelli]]: the Fraticelli or Spiritual Franciscans were an extreme group of the [[Franciscans]] in the 13th century. The Fraticelli influenced later Protestant [[Mysticism|mystics]]. | ||
* [[Marsilius of Padua]]: Marsilius (born in 1270) is sometimes called a forerunner of the reformation. Marsilius believed that the only source of truth for a Christian are the scriptures, and he rejected the ultimate authority of the church. Marsilius believed that obedience to papal decrees is not necessary for salvation, and he believed the Papal system to be of human arrangement and not divine. The beliefs of Marsilius were largely in agreement with the Protestant reformers. | * [[Marsilius of Padua]]: Marsilius (born in 1270) is sometimes called a forerunner of the reformation. Marsilius believed that the only source of truth for a Christian are the scriptures, and he rejected the ultimate authority of the church. Marsilius believed that obedience to papal decrees is not necessary for salvation, and he believed the Papal system to be of human arrangement and not divine. The beliefs of Marsilius were largely in agreement with the Protestant reformers. | ||
* [[William of Ockham]]: Ockhamite philosophy influenced Luther and Protestant philosophy. Luther conveyed the ethnical philosophy of Ockham into Protestantism. | * [[William of Ockham]]: Ockhamite philosophy influenced Luther and Protestant philosophy. Luther conveyed the ethnical philosophy of Ockham into Protestantism. Ockham's stress on scripture anticipates Protestant views and some see him as a proto-Protestant. | ||
* [[Thomas Bradwardine]]: Thomas was an English man and a teacher at Oxford. Bradwardine believed in the doctrine of [[predestination]], Thomas died in 1349. | * [[Thomas Bradwardine]]: Thomas was an English man and a teacher at Oxford. Bradwardine believed in the doctrine of [[predestination]], Thomas died in 1349. | ||
* [[Gregory of Rimini]]: Gregory of Rimini (1300 – November 1358) was an Italian theologian; his teachings influenced later Protestant Reformers. Rimini believed in the human inability to lead a moral life without divine grace, and in [[Predestination in Christianity|predestination]]. | * [[Gregory of Rimini]]: Gregory of Rimini (1300 – November 1358) was an Italian theologian; his teachings influenced later Protestant Reformers. Rimini believed in the human inability to lead a moral life without divine grace, and in [[Predestination in Christianity|predestination]]. | ||
* [[Friends of God]]: Friends of God or | * [[Friends of God]]: Friends of God or ''Gottesfreunde'' were a 14th-century Christian group in [[Germany]], some of the leaders of the movement were executed for their criticism of the [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]], the movement foreshadowed the Protestant reformation. The ''Gottesfreunde'' movement was a democratic lay movement that stressed piety, devotion and holiness. | ||
* [[Petrarch]]: Many Scholars have regarded Petrarch as a proto-Protestant who challenged the Pope's dogma. | * [[Petrarch]]: Many Scholars have regarded Petrarch as a proto-Protestant who challenged the Pope's dogma. | ||
* ''[[Strigolniki]]'': The ''strigolniki'' were a 14th-century movement in [[Russia]] that were against monasteries, the upper clergy and they perhaps were [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic]]. There is some debate if the ''strigolniki'' were similar to Protestantism or more "heretical". | * ''[[Strigolniki]]'': The ''strigolniki'' were a 14th-century movement in [[Russia]] that were against monasteries, the upper clergy and they perhaps were [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic]]. There is some debate if the ''strigolniki'' were similar to Protestantism or more "heretical". | ||
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* [[Hussites]]: Hussites were a 15th-century group in Bohemia, founded by Jan Hus, who was influenced by the writings of [[John Wycliffe]]. Jan Hus attacked indulgences and believed the scriptures to be the only authority for every man. | * [[Hussites]]: Hussites were a 15th-century group in Bohemia, founded by Jan Hus, who was influenced by the writings of [[John Wycliffe]]. Jan Hus attacked indulgences and believed the scriptures to be the only authority for every man. | ||
** [[Taborites]]: Taborites were a faction of the Hussite movement, they denied transubstantiation, veneration of saints, prayers for the dead, indulgences, confession to clergy and renounced oaths. | ** [[Taborites]]: Taborites were a faction of the Hussite movement, they denied transubstantiation, veneration of saints, prayers for the dead, indulgences, confession to clergy and renounced oaths. | ||
** [[Utraquism|Utraquists]]: Utraquists insisted on [[Communion under both kinds|communion under two kinds]], apostolic poverty, "free preaching of the gospel" and the use of [[Czech language|Czech]] in scripture reading. | ** [[Utraquism|Utraquists]]: Utraquists insisted on [[Communion under both kinds|communion under two kinds]], apostolic poverty, "free preaching of the gospel" and the use of [[Czech language|Czech]] in scripture reading. | ||
* [[Lorenzo Valla]]: Lorenzo Valla broke loose from an infallible church tradition and thus some call him a Protestant forerunner and prefigured some teachings of the reformation. Luther himself praised Lorenzo Valla. | * [[Lorenzo Valla]]: Lorenzo Valla broke loose from an infallible church tradition and thus some call him a Protestant forerunner and prefigured some teachings of the reformation. Luther himself praised Lorenzo Valla. | ||
* [[Johannes von Goch]]: Goch asserted that the Bible is the supreme authority on doctrine, perhaps taught that faith alone is enough for salvation and questioned monasticism. | * [[Johannes von Goch]]: Goch asserted that the Bible is the supreme authority on doctrine, perhaps taught that faith alone is enough for salvation and questioned monasticism. | ||
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* [[Wessel Gansfort|John of Wessel]]: John of Wessel attacked indulgences, rejected the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] doctrine of transubstantiation, Wessel believed that the pope and councils can err and laid stress on the faith of the recipient of the sacraments. While some Catholics have claimed that the identification of John of Wessel with Protestantism "exaggerates the similarities". | * [[Wessel Gansfort|John of Wessel]]: John of Wessel attacked indulgences, rejected the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] doctrine of transubstantiation, Wessel believed that the pope and councils can err and laid stress on the faith of the recipient of the sacraments. While some Catholics have claimed that the identification of John of Wessel with Protestantism "exaggerates the similarities". | ||
* [[Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg|Johannes Geiler von Kaysersverg]]: Born in 1445, Johannes was concerned for moral reform in [[Strasbourg]], and preached about God's justice. His reforms laid groundwork for the later Protestant reform in Strasbourg. | * [[Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg|Johannes Geiler von Kaysersverg]]: Born in 1445, Johannes was concerned for moral reform in [[Strasbourg]], and preached about God's justice. His reforms laid groundwork for the later Protestant reform in Strasbourg. | ||
* [[Girolamo Savonarola]] was an Italian preacher and reformer, he was born in 1452 and died in 1498. Historians believe that Girolamo Savonarola influenced [[Martin Luther|Luther]], and possibly also [[John Calvin]]. Despite having many beliefs that align with Roman Catholicism, Savonarola believed in divine grace, such as Protestants do. Savonarola declared, that good works are not a cause of predestination but result of predestination. His followers were called the [[Piagnoni]]. Savonarola never abandoned the dogmas of the Roman Catholic church, however his protests against papal corruption, reliance on the Bible as the main guide link Savonarola with the reformation. | * [[Girolamo Savonarola]] was an Italian preacher and reformer, he was born in 1452 and died in 1498. Historians believe that Girolamo Savonarola influenced [[Martin Luther|Luther]], and possibly also [[John Calvin]]. Despite having many beliefs that align with Roman Catholicism, Savonarola believed in divine grace, such as Protestants do. Savonarola declared, that good works are not a cause of predestination but result of predestination. His followers were called the [[Piagnoni]]. Savonarola never abandoned the dogmas of the Roman Catholic church, however his protests against papal corruption, reliance on the Bible as the main guide link Savonarola with the reformation. Although some dispute the inclusion of Girolamo Savonarola as a proto-Protestant. | ||
* [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola|Pico della Mirandola]]: Pico della Mirandola published 900 theses against Rome, where he argued that "this is my body" must be seen symbolically and that no images should be adored. Pico was also an admirer of Girolamo Savonarola. | * [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola|Pico della Mirandola]]: Pico della Mirandola published 900 theses against Rome, where he argued that "this is my body" must be seen symbolically and that no images should be adored. Pico was also an admirer of Girolamo Savonarola. | ||
* [[Johann Reuchlin]]: Johann Reuchlin was a scholar, who got his master's decree in 1477, and later went through other studies. When the reformation had begun, he never left the Catholic church but was suspected of leaning towards reformation ideas. Later his grandnephew, [[Philip Melanchthon|Melanchthon]] joined the Protestant reformation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=dePrater|first=William A.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37|title=God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation|date=2015-03-25|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5|page=43|language=en|chapter=Forerunners of the Protestant reformation}}</ref> | * [[Johann Reuchlin]]: Johann Reuchlin was a scholar, who got his master's decree in 1477, and later went through other studies. When the reformation had begun, he never left the Catholic church but was suspected of leaning towards reformation ideas. Later his grandnephew, [[Philip Melanchthon|Melanchthon]] joined the Protestant reformation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=dePrater|first=William A.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXLDCAAAQBAJ&dq=Peter+Abelard+reformation&pg=PA37|title=God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation|date=2015-03-25|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5|page=43|language=en|chapter=Forerunners of the Protestant reformation}}</ref> | ||
